Transcript Urinary Disease Notes

Diseases of the Urinary
System
Cystitis
 Inflammation of the bladder usually
caused by pathogens entering the
urinary meatus
 More common in females because of
the shortness of the urethra
Symptoms:
 (1) Frequent urination
(2) Dysuria and a burning sensation
during urination
 (3) Hematuria
(4) Bladder spasm
 (5) Fever
Treatment:
Antibiotics
Increased fluid
intake
Glomerulonephritis/Nephritis
Inflammation
of the
glomerulus of
the kidney
Can be: Acute
or Chronic
Acute Glomerulonephritis
 Usually follows a
streptococcal
infection such as
strep throat,
scarlet fever, or
rheumatic fever
Glomerulonephritis from
scarlet fever
 Cut surface of the kidney with
glomerulonephritis
Acute Glomerulonephritis symptoms:







Chills
Fever
Fatigue
Edema
Oliguria
Hematuria
albuminuria (protein in the
urine)
Treatment:






Rest
Restriction of salt
Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
Antipyretics for fever
Antibiotics
With treatment kidney function is usually restored
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
 (1) Follows repeated
attacks of acute
glomerulonephritis
 (2) Progressive disease
that causes scarring and
sclerosing of the
glomeruli
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Symptoms:
Early symptoms: hematuria, albuminuria,
hypertension
As disease progresses, more glomeruli
are destroyed
Edema, fatigue, anemia, congestive heart
failure
Finally, renal failure and death occur
Treatment:
 Directed at measures to treat
symptoms
 Low- sodium diet
 Antihypertensive drugs
 Maintenance of fluids and
electrolytes
 Dialysis: removal of waste products
from the blood by a hemodialysis
machine
 Kidney transplant when both kidneys
are severely damaged
Dialysis
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation
of the kidney
tissue and renal
pelvis
Usually caused
by pyogenic
(pus forming)
bacteria
Symptoms:






Chills
Fever
Back pain
Dysuria
Hematuria
Pyuria
Treatment:
Antibiotics
Increased fluid
intake
Renal Calculus /Urinary Calculus
 Kidney stone formed when
salts in the urine form a
precipitate (settle out of
solution)
 (1) Small calculi may be
eliminated in the urine
 (2) Larger stones often
become lodged in the renal
pelvis or ureter
Kidney Stones
Symptoms:
 (1) Sudden intense
pain known as renal
colic
 (2) Hematuria and
urinary retention
Treatment:
 (1) Increase fluids
 (2) Provide pain medication
 (3) Strain all urine through gauze
or filter paper to see if the stones
are eliminated
 (4) Lithotripsy: procedure that is
used to crush the stones with shock
waves to that they can be
eliminated through the urine
 (5) Surgery to remove the calculi in
some cases
Renal Failure
 Kidney stop
functioning
 Can be Acute or
Chronic
 Acute renal failure (ARF)
 Cause by hemorrhage, shock, injury, poisoning, nephritis, or
dehydration
 Chronic renal failure (CRF)
 Results from progressive loss of kidney function
 Causes: chronic glomerulonephritis, hypertension, toxins, and
endocrine diseases
 Waste products accumulate in the blood and affect many
body systems
Symptoms:





Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Decreased mental ability
Convulsions and muscle irritability
Ammonia smell of the breath and perspiration
Later stages: coma and death
Treatment:
 Dialysis and control of fluid
intake
 Diet modifications and
restrictions
 Careful skin and mouth care
 Kidney transplant is the only
cure
Tracy
Morgan
after
transplant
Uremia
 Toxic condition that occurs when the kidneys fail and
urinary waste products are present in the
bloodstream
 Causes:

(1) Any condition that affects proper function
of the kidneys

(2) Renal failure, chronic glomerulonephritis,
hypertension
Symptoms:





(1) Nausea and vomiting
(2) Ammonia odor to the breath
(3) Oliguria or anuria
(4) Headache and mental confusion
(5) Coma and death
Treatment:
Restricted diet
Dialysis until a kidney transplant
can be performed
Urethritis
 Inflammation of the urethra
Causes:
 bacteria such as gonococcus, viruses,
or chemicals such as bubble bath
solutions
Symptoms:
 (1) Frequent and painful
urination
 (2) Redness and itching
at urinary meatus
 (3) Purulent (pus)
discharge
Treatment:
 (1) Sitz baths or warm moist
compresses
 (2) Antibiotics
 (3) Increased fluid intake