Transcript Infection Control PowerPoint8/22/16

UNIT 5
INFECTION CONTROL
MS. CAREY
HEALTH OCCUPATIONS
UNDERSTANDING THE PRINCIPLES OF INFECTION
CONTROL
• HEALTHCARE WORKERS MUST UNDERSTAND THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INFECTION CONTROL TO
PROTECT THEMSELVES AND THEIR PATIENTS. THEY MUST KNOW HOW DISEASE IS TRANSMITTED
AND HOW TO PREVENT DISEASE TRANSMISSION.
• A MICROORGANISM IS A SMALL, LIVING ORGANISM THAT IS NOT VISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE. YOU
MUST USE A MICROSCOPE TO SEE THEM.
• FOUND EVERYWHERE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• FOUND ON AND IN THE HUMAN BODY
• MANY ARE PART OF NORMAL FLORA OF BODY AND MY BE
BENEFICIAL TO YOUR HEALTH
MICROORGANISMS (ALSO CALLED MICROBES)
• FOUND EVERYWHERE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• FOUND ON AND IN THE HUMAN BODY
-NONPATHOGENS – BENEFICIAL TO THE HUMAN BODY
-PATHOGENS – CAUSE INFECTION OR DISEASE - GERMS
• MOST NEED WARM, DARK, MOIST ENVIRONMENTS
• SOME NEED OXYGEN (AEROBIC) AND SOME DO NOT (ANAEROBIC)
THE HUMAN BODY IS THE PERFECT ENVIRONMENT FOR MICROORGANISMS TO THRIVE
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS
• BACTERIA
• PROTOZOA
• FUNGI
• RICKETTSIAE
• VIRUSES
BACTERIA
• SIMPLE ONE-CELLED PLANTLIKE ORGANISMS
• MULTIPLY RAPIDLY
• CLASSIFIED BY SHAPE AND ARRANGEMENT
-COCCI – ROUND IN SHAPE (FIGURE 13-1)
IN PAIRS – DIPLOCOCCI (PNEUMONIA)
IN CHAINS – STREPTOCOCCUS (STREP THROAT)
IN CLUSTERS – STAPHYLOCOCCI (PUS-PRODUCING,
LIKE BOILS, SKIN, AND WOUND INFECTIONS)
BACTERIA CONT’D
-BACILLI ARE ROD SHAPED (FIGURE 13.2)
• OCCUR SINGLY, IN PAIRS, OR IN CHAINS
• MAY HAVE FLAGELLA (LIKE TAILS)
• ABILITY TO FORM SPORES (THICK WALLED CAPSULES) WHICH MAKE THEM HARD TO KILL
• CAUSE DISEASES LIKE TUBERCULOSIS, TETANUS, BOTULISM, TYPHOID
BACTERIA CONT’D
-SPIRILLA - SPIRAL OR CORKSCREW SHAPE (FIGURE 13-3)
-CAUSE SYPHILIS AND CHOLERA
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
• ANTIBIOTICS ARE USED TO KILL BACTERIA
• SOME HAVE BECOME ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT. WHEN BACTERIA BECOME ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT,
ANTIBIOTICS ARE NO LONGER EFFECTIVE.
HTTP://ED.TED.COM/LESSONS/HOW-ANTIBIOTICS-BECOME-RESISTANT-OVER-TIME-KEVIN-WU
PROTOZOA
• ONE-CELLED, ANIMAL-LIKE ORGANISMS (FIGURE 13-4)
• FOUND IN DECAYED MATERIALS AND
CONTAMINATED WATER
• MAY HAVE FLAGELLA FOR MOVEMENT
• SOME ARE PATHOGENIC – HARMFUL, CAUSING DISEASE
EXAMPLES: MALARIA, TRICHOMONAS, AMEBIC DYSENTERY
FUNGI
• SIMPLE, PLANT-LIKE ORGANISMS
• LIVE ON DEAD ORGANIC MATTER
• YEAST AND MOLDS
• CAN BE PATHOGENIC
• ANTIBIOTICS DO NOT KILL FUNGI
EXAMPLES: RINGWORM. ATHLETE’S FOOT, THRUSH (FIG 13-5)
RICKETTSIAE
• PARASITIC MICROORGANISMS -CANNOT LIVE OUTSIDE THE CELLS OF ANOTHER
LIVING ORGANISM
• TRANSMITTED TO HUMANS BY THE BITES OF
INSECTS (E.G., FLEAS, LICE, TICKS, MITES)
• EXAMPLES: ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
• ANTIBIOTICS ARE EFFECTIVE AGAINST MANY
OF THEM
VIRUSES
• SMALLEST MICROORGANISMS -MUST USE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE TO SEE
• MUST BE INSIDE ANOTHER LIVING CELL TO REPRODUCE
• SPREAD BY BLOOD AND BODY SECRETIONS
• VERY DIFFICULT TO KILL – THEY ARE RESISTANT TO MANY DISINFECTANTS
• ANTIBIOTICS WILL NOT KILL VIRUSES
• MANY VIRUSES THAT INFECT ANIMALS CAN MUTATE AND INFECT HUMANS
- EXAMPLES: HANTA VIRUS, AVIAN FLU, WEST NILE VIRUS
• CAUSE MANY DISEASES – COMMON COLD, MEASLES, MUMPS, CHICKEN POX, HERPES, WARTS,
THE FLU, POLIO, EBOLA, HEPATITIS A, B, AND C
• HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=RPJ0EMEGSHQ&FEATURE=SHARE
VIRUSES – HEPATITIS B
• CAUSED BY HBV
• TRANSMITTED BY BLOOD, SERUM, AND BODY SECRETIONS
• AFFECTS THE LIVER
• VACCINE AVAILABLE FOR PROTECTION
• VACCINE IS EXPENSIVE – IT’S A SERIES OF THREE SHOTS
• BY LAW, HEALTH CARE WORKERS WHO MAY BE EXPOSED TO BLOOD OR BODY FLUIDS MUST
BE OFFERED THE VACCINE FOR FREE FROM THEIR EMPLOYERS
HEPATITIS C
• CAUSED BY HCV
• TRANSMITTED BY BLOOD AND BLOOD-CONTAINING BODY FLUIDS
• MANY INFECTED INDIVIDUALS ARE ASYMPTOMATIC (HAVE NO SYMPTOMS)
• OTHERS HAVE MILD SYMPTOMS – LIKE THE FLU
• CAN CAUSE SEVERE LIVER DAMAGE
• CURRENTLY, NO VACCINE IS READY FOR USE
• VACCINE IS IN DEVELOPMENT STAGE
• VERY HARD TO KILL – CAN SURVIVE IN DRIED BLOOD FOR SEVERAL DAYS
AIDS – ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
• CAUSED BY THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
• SUPPRESSES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
• INDIVIDUAL BECOMES SUSCEPTIBLE TO CANCERS AND INFECTIONS THAT WOULD NOT AFFECT
A HEALTHY PERSON
• NO CURE PRESENTLY AND NO VACCINE
• TAKE PRECAUTIONS FOR PREVENTION
• TRANSMITTED THROUGH BLOOD AND BODILY FLUIDS
TYPES OF INFECTIONS
• INFECTIONS AND DISEASES ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
• ENDOGENOUS - ONE THAT ORIGINATES WITHIN THE BODY (TUMORS, HEART DISEASE, DIABETES,
ETC...)
• EXOGENOUS – ONE THAT ORIGINATES OUTSIDE THE BODY (PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS – GERMS,
RADIATION, TRAUMA, ELECTRIC SHOCK, ETC…)
• NOSOCOMIAL – AN INFECTION THAT IS ACQUIRED IN A HEALTH CARE FACILITY (SUCH AS A
HOSPITAL OR NURSING HOME). THEY ARE TRANSMITTED BY HEALTH CARE WORKERS TO THE
PATIENT
• OPPORTUNISTIC – OCCUR WHEN THE BODY’S DEFENSES ARE WEAK
CHAIN OF INFECTION
• CAUSATIVE AGENT – THE PATHOGEN (THE BACTERIA OR VIRUS)
• RESERVOIR – THE AREA THE BACTERIA OR VIRUS LIVES (HUMAN BODY, FOMITES, ANIMALS, THE
ENVIRONMENT)
A FOMITE IS AN OBJECT THAT IS CONTAMINATED WITH A PATHOGEN, LIKE A
DOORKNOB, BEDPAN, DESK, TEXTBOOK (YUCK!)
• PORTAL OF EXIT – A WAY FOR THE PATHOGEN TO ESCAPE (URINE, BLOOD, DRAINING WOUNDS,
SALIVA, ETC…)
• MODE OF TRANSMISSION – A WAY THE PATHOGEN CAN BE TRANSMITTED (PERSON-TO-PERSON, BUG
BITE, TOUCHING CONTAMINATED OBJECTS UNWASHED HANDS!
• PORTAL OF ENTRY – A WAY FOR A PATHOGEN TO ENTER THE NEW RESERVOIR OR HOST
BREAKS IN THE SKIN, RESPIRATORY TRACT, DIGESTIVE TRACT, MUCOUS MEMBRANES
• SUSCEPTIBLE HOST – PERSON LIKELY TO GET AN INFECTION, USUALLY BECAUSE THEIR BODY DEFENSES
ARE WEAK.
BODY DEFENSES
• MUCOUS MEMBRANES
• CILIA
• COUGHING AND SNEEZING
• HCL IN THE STOMACH
• TEARS
• FEVER
• INFLAMMATION RESPONSE
• IMMUNE RESPONSE
HOW TO BREAK THE CHAIN OF INFECTION
• IF YOU CAN ELIMINATE ANY PART OF THE CHAIN, THE SPREAD OF DISEASE OR INFECTION WILL
BE STOPPED
• WHAT ARE SOME WAYS YOU CAN BREAK THE CHAIN OF INFECTION?
IMMUNIZATIONS
HANDWASHING
PROPER DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINATED OBJECTS
PROPER FOOD HANDLING
WEARING PROPER PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES
• PATHOGENS ARE EVERYWHERE
• CONTAMINATED MEANS THAT PATHOGENS AND ORGANISMS ARE PRESENT
• A MAJOR WAY TO BREAK THE CHAIN OF INFECTION IS TO USE ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES WHILE
PROVIDING HEALTH CARE
• ASEPSIS IS THE ABSENCE OF DISEASE CAUSING MICROORGANISMS, OR PATHOGENS
COMMON ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES INCLUDE:
• HANDWASHING
• GOOD PERSONAL HYGIENE
• USE OF DISPOSABLE GLOVES
• PROPER CLEANING OF INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
• THOROUGH CLEANING OF THE ENVIRONMENT
• ANTISEPSIS – THE USE OF ANTISEPTICS TO PREVENT OR INHIBIT GROWTH OF PATHOGENIC
ORGANISMS. WHO WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO USE ANTISEPTICS IN SURGERY?
ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES CONT’D
• ANTISEPSIS—CAN BE USED ON THE SKIN – THE USE OF ANTISEPTICS TO PREVENT OR INHIBIT
GROWTH OF PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS. NOT EFFECTIVE ON SPORES OR VIRUSES.
• DISINFECTION—USED MAINLY ON OBJECTS, CAN DAMAGE OR IRRITATE SKIN. PROCESS THAT
DESTROYS OR KILLS PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS. NOT ALWAYS EFFECTIVE ON SPORES OR VIRUSES.
• STERILIZATION—USE OF STEAM UNDER PRESSURE, GAS, RADIATION, AND CHEMICALS ON
OBJECTS. THIS PROCESS DESTROYS ALL MICROORGANISMS
METHODS OF ASEPTIC CONTROL
• ULTRASONIC – THE USE OF SOUND WAVES TO CLEAN AN OBJECT THAT IS SOAKED IN A CLEANING
SOLUTION. IT IS USED TO REMOVE RESIDUE AND DOES NOT KILL SPORES AND VIRUSES. THIS
CLEANS AN ITEM BUT DOES NOT STERILIZE IT.
• CHEMICAL DISINFECTION – DOES NOT KILL ALL SPORES AND VIRUSES. ITEMS MUST BE CLEANED
AND DRIED BEFORE SOAKING TO PREVENT DILUTION. CARE MUST BE TAKEN IN THE AMOUNT OF
TIME AN ITEM MUST BE SOAKED.
• AUTOCLAVE – USES STEAM UNDER PRESSURE, GAS, OR DRY HEAT TO STERILIZE INSTRUMENTS AND
SUPPLIES. IT DESTROYS ALL MICROORGANISMS, BOTH PATHOGENIC AND NONPATHOGENIC,
INCLUDING SPORES AND VIRUSES. ITEMS MUST BE WRAPPED TO REMAIN STERILE FOR UP TO 30
DAYS.