Transcript Genetic Engineering Powerpoint

Albinism
Genetic Engineering
 Altering the DNA of a cell or organism
G.E. Techniques
DNA Extraction
 How do you get DNA out of a cell to work with?
 Cells cut open with enzymes
 DNA filtered out
Multiplying DNA
 PCR = process for multiplying DNA
 DNA + Enzymes + Nucleotides mixed in test
tube
 Placed in “PCR machine” to regulate temp.
PCR
PCR
 Kary Mullis –
 Invented PCR
 Won Nobel Prize in 1993
Cutting DNA
 DNA molecules too large to work with
 Can be cut up using Restriction Enzymes  They cut DNA at specific nucleotide
sequences
Restriction Enzymes
DNA Analysis
 Gel electrophoresis – separates DNA fragments
for analysis
Gel Electrophoresis
Think jell-o
Gel Electrophoresis
DNA neg. charged
Gel is sponge-like
Gel Electrophoresis
 DNA has a (-) charge, moves to (+) end of gel
 Small pieces move in gel farther than large
DNA separated by size and charge
*Bands on gel are DNA
-
+
Ethidium
bromide
Genetic Engineering Uses
Gel Elec. and Paternity Testing
 If people related, DNA
is similar
 REs will cut a similar
pattern, can be
analyzed on gel
Cloning
 Ian Wilmut - cloned Dolly the sheep
 Nucleus from 1 sheep put into egg of another
 Embryo inserted into foster mother to develop
Plasmids
 Plasmids – circular DNA molecule, found in
bacteria
Plasmids
 Plasmid cut open with REs
 Gene of interest inserted into plasmid
• Recombinant DNA –
DNA from 2 organisms
combined
Plasmids
 Next, plasmid placed into bacteria cell
 Protein synthesis of gene carried out
 What could be a use of this technique?
 Ex.
Diabetes
Diabetes
 Diabetics unable to produce insulin
 Insulin gene inserted into plasmid
and bacteria produce it for them
Firefly Luciferase