Transcript Relationships and Food Chains B12.B,E

Classification of Living Things
B8.C
Living things are . . .
• Organized into
cells.
• Grow and
develop.
• Respond to the
environment.
• Use energy
• Reproduce
Cells are organized into. . .
• Tissues, with like
types of cells
• Tissue layers form
organs
• Organs that work
together form organ
systems
• Organ systems that
work together make
an organism
Taxonomy-how to classify life
Biological Classification
Kingdom
Phylla
Phylla
Class
Genus
Genus
Class
Order
Order
Family
Family
Genus
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Family
Genus
Class
Order
Order
Family
Family
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
Order
Family
Family
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
The taxonomy divisions
from largest to smallest
are:
49 Which of these
classifications
Kingdoms (5)
is most specific?
Phylum
A Family
B Genus
C Phylum
D Order
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
6 Kingdoms – Largest
groupings of living things
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Animal Kingdom
• Multicellular
heterotrophic
• This kingdom includes
all vertebrates (one
major phylum) and
invertebrates (several
phyla)
• Insects, jellyfish,
people are all animals
Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular and
autotrophic
Means that all plants
perform photosynthesis
This kingdom includes
mosses, ferns,
conifers, and flowering
plants (grasses, fruit
trees, shrubs, most
garden plants, most
crops, wildflowers)
Kingdom Fungi
• Multicellular and
some single-cells
• Most of these
organisms are
decomposers
• Includes mushrooms,
yeasts and infections
like athlete's foot
Kingdoms of Single Cells
Kingdom Protista: largest
source of food and
oxygen for the entire
planet. Includes
plankton, amoeba, and
ciliates. Described as
Unicellular Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic Kingdom- Cells without
membraned organelles
• Kingdom Eubacteria:
Unicellular
Prokaryotes which
are often
decomposers
• Kingdom
Archaebacteria:
Unicellular
Prokaryotes from
extreme
environments.
8 Some bacteria benefit mammals
by helping with — • Kingdom Bacteria has
F growth
G defense
H digestion
J respiration
beneficial and harmful
members
• The best answer here
is H, since digestion
systems of mammals
contain bacteria.
• Bacteria found in the
respiratory system
usually result in
illness, which would
trigger the defenses,
not help them.
Binomial Classification
• Living things are given a two-part scientific
name. This 2-part name is also the species
name. The first part is the Genus which is
capitalized, and the second, which is the
species, part of the scientific name is never
capitalized.
• Scientific names are used because the same
plant or animal in different places may have
different common names.
• Your scientific name is Homo sapiens
12 The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana,
is most closely related to the —
F spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki
G Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax
H northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens
J African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus
Related in biological terms means
family, genus, species.
F spotted chorus frog,
Pseudacris clarki
G Asian flying frog,
Polypedates
leucomystax
H northern leopard frog,
Rana pipiens
J African bullfrog,
Pyxicephalus
adspersus
• Genus is always a
capital letter,
species is lower
case.
• Most closely
related would be in
the same genus,
Rana.
• ANSWER?
• H
Viruses
• Viruses are not alive
because they can not
reproduce on their
own, and
• They do not grow and
develop and
• They do not
exchange with their
environment
Viral Illnesses
• Measles, mumps, colds,
influenza, Cold Sores,
mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr
virus and AIDS are all illnesses
that are caused by a virus.
• A Virus is has a coat, a strand
inside of DNA or RNA, and some
type of attachment appendage.
Lytic Cycle
1. Attach to the cell and inject DNA
2. Replicate new viruses
3. The Cell breaks open and releases
viruses
4. The cycle starts over
Lysogenic Cycle
1. The virus attaches to the cell and injects
its DNA
2. Viral DNA integrates with host DNA
3. Host cell divies normally
4. The provirus may then enter the lytic
cycle
Cold Sores
• Virus hides deep in the nerves of the face
• During times of stress, the virus begins to
cause tissue damage that is seen as a
cold sore or fever blister
• Viruses are often
restricted to certain
kinds of cells
• Example HIV virus
HIV infects human
white blood cells
How HIV infects cells
• HIV entry is a two-step process
• First, the virus attaches to the cell at specific sites called
receptors
• Second, this attachment triggers endocytosis and carries
the HIV virus into the cell
• HIV does not destroy the cell but continues to replicate
and may continue to replicate for years
• Eventually it recognizes new receptors and reproduces
in T cells. It destroys them and thus destroys the
immune system. This is AIDS
• HIV can be carried for years before AIDS develops and
the host may not realize they have the disease and may
spread it to other individuals
HIV transmission
• HIV is transmitted to other individuals body
fluids (such as semen and vaginal fluid)
through sexual contact and in blood
through the sharing of nonsterile needles.
• It is also transmitted to infants during
pregnancy or through breast milk
Relationships and Food
Chains B12.B,E
Ecology – The study of the
relationships among living
things
• Symbiosis is a close relationship between
two living things.
• When both are helped it is called
mutualism
• When one is helped and there is no effect
on the other it is called commensalism
• When one is helped and the other is
harmed it is called parasitism
Mutualism . . .
Sharks are cleaned
by a little fish
known as a
Remora. The
shark never eats
them since they
clean bacteria off
of the shark.
Since both
species are
Commensalism . . .
Orchids live high
in tree-tops on
the branches of
large trees.
They do not
harm the tree,
but they are
helped by being
raised up into
the sunshine
Parasites . . .
Parasites harm or
kill the host. A
good example
is a tape worm.
It intercepts all
of the hosts
food, causing
the host to
starve to death.
35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek
protection from predators by sheltering
themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea
anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and
can potentially scare off predators of sea
anemones. This relationship is an example of -A neutralism This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect
B mutualism Since both are helped, it is of mutual
benefit or
C parasitism Neither is harmed so this is incorrect
D commensalism
Means only one is being helped and the relationship
has no effect on the other – also incorrect
What is helped?
Both the ants and the tree.
This is the definition of:
All energy on the earth comes
from the sun.
18 Energy Used
used by producers in a
grassland food web is provided byF sunlight
This is a process, not
an energy source.
G photosynthesis
H and J are elements
which are types of
matter, not energy.
H oxygen
J carbon dioxide
So our answer should
be:
F
Energy Diagrams
At one end of the diagram are plants.
They are called producers since
they are capable of turning sunlight
into food by photosynthesis. They
pass 10% of the energy they absorb
to animals that eat them.
Consumers
1st Order Consumers
eat only plants and
are also called
herbivores.
2nd Order Consumers
eat only animals and
are called carnivores.
3rd Order Consumers
animals that eat
other animals, they
are also known as
carnivores
39 Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level
because they —
Means 1st ,
A both live on land
2nd or 3rd
B are both large mammals
Order
C both eat primary consumers
Consumer
D have similar hunting patterns
10% Energy Rule –
Only 10% of the energy moves up
to the next trophic level.
Decomposers
If we apply the 10% rule, 10% of
43 Approximately how much
the 1000 kcal of the plant is
of the energy available in the
consumed or 100 kcal, and 10%
tissues of the producer is
of that is 10 kcal which is 1% of
eventually incorporated into
the original 1000kcal, but only 3
the tissues of a secondary
kcal is available to the tissues so
consumer?
it is A.
A Less than 1%
B Between 20% and 30%
C Approximately 50%
D More than 50%
Food Chain – One of many
feeding relationships in a
community
• Arrows in a food
chain show the
direction of energy
flow.
• This is not the only
feeding relationship
for these organisms.
• When several or all of
the food relationships
are shown it’s a . . .
Food Web
Food Webs
• Food webs attempt to show all the feeding
relationships in a community.
• The direction of the arrows shows the
direction of energy flow.
• At the bottom of every web and every
chain is a plant. These are the only things
that can turn sunshine into food.
Since the Gulls are at the
top of the food web, they
would have the highest
accumulation of everything
but energy.
37 Which of these groups of
organisms would most
likely have accumulated
the largest concentration of
a long-lasting chemical
pollutant in their bodies?
A Phytoplankton
B Zooplankton
C Lake trout
D Gulls
• Prey are the animals
that are eaten as a
food source for the .
..
• Predator This is the
hunter animal. The
population of the
predator must be
less than the prey or
they do not have
enough food.
Population (100s)
Predator and Prey
Time (months)
Prey
Predator
To increase the predator
population you could do what?
24 Which of the following is most likely
to cause increases in a predator
population?
F Fewer prey
Reduces available food – Nope!
G A reduction in competition
H More parasites Less predators, they
Less
and prey,
would
bepredators
sick or dying!
J A period of drought
they’d be gone looking for
water!