Transcript Ground Rules, exams, etc. (no “make up” exams) Text: read

Big Bang 13.7-13.8 billion years ago
Life arose 3.5 billion years ago
Anaerobic versus aerobic bacteria, fermentation, respiration
Photosynthetic prokaryotes, origin of oxygen atmosphere
Endosymbiosis: origin of eukaryotes, plants, fungi, and animals
Reticulate Evolution: Mitochondria, Chloroplasts
Phylogenetic Systematics = cladistics, clades
Importance of shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies)
Monophyletic groups (Polyphyletic, Paraphyletic)
Sister groups, outgroups
Rooting phylogenetic trees
Infer/identify ancestral states — polarize character state changes
Hierarchical classification, Latin binomial nomenclature
Pongid (“Hominid”) phylogeny, blood group types
Monophyletic
Paraphyletic
Polyphyletic
“
“
Evolutionary Innovations that allowed plants to reproduce efficiently on land
An alternative phylogenetic tree
Lungfish
Teleosts
Chondrichthes
Agnatha
Lampreys
Synapomorphy = shared, derived characteristic
Hox genes
Mabuya
Egernia
Eremiascincus
Ctenotus
Prosimian
Pongid Phyogeny
Prosimian
Pongid Phyogeny
Organisms are classified hierarchically
5 Kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, protists, bacteria
• Phylum
Arthropoda
• Chordata
• Class
Insecta
• Mammalia
• Order
Diptera
• Primates
• Family
Drosophilidae
• “Hominidae” (Pongidae)
• Genus
Drosophila
• Homo
• Species
melanogaster
• sapiens
Organisms are classified hierarchically
5 Kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, protists, bacteria
• Phylum
Arthropoda
• Chordata
• Class
Insecta
• Mammalia
• Order
Diptera
• Primates
• Family
Drosophilidae
• “Hominidae” (Pongidae)
• Genus
Drosophila
• Homo
• Species
melanogaster
• sapiens
(the “sap”)
Population Genetics: Human Migration
Population Genetics: p + q + r = 1, p2 + (q2 + pq) + (r2 + pr) + qr
Freq u en cie s (perce ntag es ) o f A B O blo od t y p es a mo ng va ri ou s h um a n p opula t io n s
[3 al lele s, LA , L B , and l ( reces sive) ]
___________ ________ _ _______ _ _______ _ _______ __ ____________ ________ ________ ________ _ _ _
Lo cati o n
Geno ty p e
___________
O
A
B
AB
N
ll
LA LA + LA l
LB L B +LB l
LA LB
________ _ _______ _ _______ _ _______ __ ____________ ________ ________ ________ _ _ _
Fra nce
41. 5
50. 4
6. 0
2.1
752
Germ a ny
38. 1
41. 6
14. 1
6.2
634 1
Hung ary
31. 1
38. 0
18. 7
1 2 .2
1500
Ira n
37. 9
33. 3
22. 2
6.6
1000
Indi a ( Hin du s)
30. 2
24. 5
___________ ________ _ _______ _ _______ _ _______ __ ____________
Gy psies (F ra n ce)
22. 1
25. 7
Gy psies (Hun ga ry)
28. 5
26. 6
___________ ________ _ _______ _ _______ _ _______ __ ____________
37. 2
8.1
235 7
________ ________ ________ _ _ _
38. 1
1 4 .1
113
35. 3
1 0 .0
975
________ ________ ________ _ _ _
Humans could have been stewards of Earth and all its many denizens,
microbes, plants, fungi, and animals. We have the ability to have
been God-like. Instead, for a short-sighted and selfish transient
population boom, we became the Scourge of the planet. We wiped
out and usurped vast tracts of natural habitat. We ate any other
species that was edible and depleted all Earth’s multitude of natural
resources. In a single century, humans burned fossil fuels that took
millions of years to form.
Humans fouled the atmosphere, despoiled the land, and poisoned the
waters, making the planet uninhabitable even to ourselves.