Transcript Microbiology 221

Microbiology 221
Professor Patricia Sidelsky
Spring 2007
Contact information
Email – [email protected]
Web Page –
http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/psidelsky
The Bioweb – Link for 221 web page
Text Book
Microbiology - Principles and
Explorations
6th Edition
Jacquelyn Black
Challenge of Microbes
Methicillin
resistant -
Staphyococcus
aureus
E. Coli – O157H:7
Emerging viruses
AIDS
Bioterrorism
Microbiology- The study of microbes
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Protists
Microbes
Range in size from
small viruses
approximately 20
nm -
Viruses – obligate cellular
parasites
Nucleic acid
Protein capsid or
outer covering
Require a cell to
complete life cycle
 Dependent upon
cellular machinery
Viroids
Nucleic acid
without a protein
coat
Prions
Infectious protein particles
Produce Mad Cow disease
Replicate independently
The Three Domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The trypanosomes
that cause Sleeping
Sickness
Bacteria
Include pathogens
as well as
beneficial bacteria
Bacteria
Prokaryote cells
Cell walls – protecting the exterior
No nuclear membrane
No organelles
1 ds circular DNA( may be more than
one and also may be linear)
Bacteria
Archaea
Unusual biochemistry
Many are extremophiles adapted to
extremes ofenvironmental conditions
Prokaryote cells
Differ from the biochemistry and
genetics of bacteria
Extremophiles ( Archaea) can
survive in boiling water
Eukarya
Eukaryote cells with nuclear
membrane
Linear ds chromosomes
Organelles
Internal cell compartments
Fungi
Protists
Earliest eukaryote cells
Form the basis for the development
of multicellular organisms
Ancestors of today’s plants, animals,
and fungi
Protist Parasites
To 5mm for the
Protists such as
Plasmodium, the
causative agent of
Malaria
Protist Parasites
Trypanosomes –
Injected into
humans and wildlife
by the bite of the
TseTse fly.
Microbiology Pioneers –
Francesco Redi
Disproved
Spontaneous
generation
Life comes only
from life
Redi’s Experiment
Louis Pasteur
Pasteurization of
milk
Idea of airborne
pathogens
Isolated silkworm
disease
Rabies and cholera
Yeasts and wine
Pasteur’s experiment
Pasteur’s contributions
Robert Koch
German physician
Culture of
microbes( agar)
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Typhoid fever
Koch’s Postulates
Koch’s Postulates
 The organism must be found in all animals
suffering from the disease, but not in
healthy animals.
 The organism must be isolated from a
diseased animal and grown in pure culture.
 The cultured organism should cause
disease when introduced into a healthy
animal.
 The organism must be reisolated from
the experimentally infected animal.
Semmelweis
Puerperal fever –
Childbed fever
Washing hands
before surgery
Semmelweis
Lister
 Applied carboxylic acid to
reduce surgical infection
 Ridiculed and ignored
 Had an immediate effect
upon surgical success.
 In 1870 Lister's antiseptic
methods were used, by
Germany, during the
Franco-Prussian war saving
many Prussian soldier's
lives. In Germany, by 1878,
Robert Koch was
demonstrating the
usefulness of steam for
sterilizing surgical
instruments and dressings.
Antiseptic – Aseptic
Procedures
Edward Jenner and Immunity
Smallpox was a
scourge in Europe
Deadly and
disfiguring
Jenner noticed
that milk maidsss
who got cowpox did
not get small pox
Development of vaccines
Vaccination
Vaccinated his child with the exudate
from a cowpox blister
His child did not get smallpox
He later inoculated his son with
smallpox and the boy remained health
Elie Metchnikoff
Cellular response
of immunity
( macrophages)
Paul Ehrlich
 Developed a treatment
for syphilis
 Also tested and
modified a treatment
for sleeping sickness
 Coined the word
chemotherapy
 Directed treatment
against a disease
Alexander Fleming
The concept of
antibiotic
 Penicillium mold
inhibited the
growth of
Staphylococcus
bacteria in culture
The effect of penicillium mold
on the growth of bacteria
Penicillin
Howard Florey
developed the drug
pencillin. The first
miracle drug
Reduced infections
such as “ blood
poisoning” –
systemic bacterial
infectons
Howard Florey
Purification of the
extract from the
mold to produce a
safe therapeutic
dose
Gerhard Domagk
The development
of sulfanilamide
and isoniazid
Selman Waksman
Coined the work
antibiotic to
describe
actinomycin and
other products
that he isolated
from soil
Streptomycin –
treatment for TB
Chlaramphenicol
Sydney Brenner
Recombinant DNA
Genetic engineering
Bonnie Bassler
 Bacteria speech
Quorum sensing
Karl Stetter
Extremophiles
Unique prokaryotes
Hyperthermophiles
Carl Woese
The Tree of Life
Three Domains
Tree of Life
Tullis Onstott
Oligotrophs –
prokaryotes that
survive with
minimal nutrients
Life in the depths
of the earth
Geomicrobiology
The Mars Mission