Transcript Classification

COMPARATIVE
VERTEBRATE AND
INVERTEBRATE
ZOOLOGY
And we begin
with the PAST…
BIOLOGY
Bios
(Greek)
= Life
Logos
(Greek)
= Study
Characteristics of Life?
1. Move
Motile?
5. Reproduce
Make More?
2. Energy
Use Food? 6. 1Form?
or + Cells
3. Grow
Get Bigger? 7. Complex
Chemistry?
4. Gives
WastesOff? 8. Environment?
Responds
Characteristics of Life?
1. Move
5. Reproduce
2. Energy
6. 1 or + Cells
3. Grow
7. Complex
4. Wastes
8. Responds
BIOLOGY
Two Sub-fields:
- BOTANY
- ZOOLOGY
BOTANY
Botane
Logos
(Greek)
(Greek)
=
=
Plant
Study
ZOOLOGY
Zoon
Logos
(Greek)
(Greek)
=
Animal
=
Study
Subdivisions of Zoology
Anatomy
Biochemistry
Cytology
Ecology
Embryology
Endocrinology
Entomology
Evolution
Genetics
Herpetology
Histology
Ichthyology
Morphology
Ornithology
Paleontology
Parasitology
Physiology
Taxonomy
Zoogeography
TAXONOMY
Can you define the term?
- the science of classifying all
living things by arranging them
in groups according to the
relationship of each to the
others.
TAXONOMY
Stop here and complete
Bertie Bott’s
Classification Key
Activity
TAXONOMY
Original classification schemes:
- were based on the idea
of “fixity of species”.
- were based on similar
external features.
Carolus Linnaeus
- first to catalog
organisms
based on the
function of a
structure.
Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778
Carolus Linnaeus
- later others
added the
origin of the
structure as a
criteria.
Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778
Origin of a structure
- Was the structure from
independent evolution?
Euphorbia –
African Desert
Cactus –
Mexican Desert
Origin of a structure
- Or was it from a
common ancestor?
Ostrich - Africa
Rhea – S. America
Is the structure an
Analogous structure
or an
Homologous
Structure?
Analogous Structures
- have similar functions
- different internal structure
- no common evolutionary
origin
Homologous Structures
- have a similar
evolutionary origin
- but may have different
functions
The modern Linnaean
system assumes that
the more homologies
two species share…
the closer they must be
in terms of evolutionary
distance.
The closer they are in
terms of evolutionary
distance…
the more likely they
will be in similar
classification groups.
Linnaean System
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
-
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Linnaean System
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
-
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Kingdoms?
In Ancient times:
1 Animalia
Woof !
Kingdoms?
In Ancient times:
1 Animalia
2 Plantae
Kingdoms?
By 1969 we had . . .
1
2
3
4
5
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Monera
Kingdoms?
Today:
1
2
5
6
1 - 4 = Eukaryotic
5 - 6 = Prokaryotic
Animalia 3 Fungi
Plantae 4 Protista
Archaebacteria
?
Eubacteria
?
1 - 4 = Cell Type?
5 - 6 = Cell Type?
Major Groups
Archaebacteria
Brown Algaes
Eubacteria
Red Algaes
Amoeboids
Green Plants
Euglenoids
Fungi
Dinoflagellates
Animalia
Sympathy for the life of bacteria
If you were bacteria:
- You have only 0.001 th as much DNA as a
eukaryotic cell.
- You live in a medium which has a viscosity about
equal to asphalt.
- You have a wonderful "motor" for swimming.
Unfortunately, your motor can only run in two
directions and at one speed. In forward, you are
propelled in one direction at 30 mph. In reverse
your motor makes you turn flips or tumble. You can
only do one or the other. You cannot stop.
- While you can "learn", you divide every twenty
minutes and have to restart your education.
Sympathy for the life of bacteria
If you were bacteria:
- You can have sex, with males possessing a
sexual apparatus for transferring genetic information
to receptive females. However, since you are both
going 30 mph it is difficult to find each other.
Furthermore, if you are male, nature gave you a
severe problem. Every time you mate with a female,
she turns into a male. In bacteria, "maleness" is an
infective venereal disease.
- Also, at fairly high frequencies, spontaneous
mutations cause you to turn into a female.
Origins of
Archaebacteria
and Eubacteria?
Ancient Conditions
on Earth?
- Hot (Effect on Protein?) Denature
- No Oxygen (Term?) Anerobic
Cooling Temps Allow What?
Stable proteins = better adaptation
Thermal Proteins & Fatty Acids
Click For Video
Anerobic
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Anerobic
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Plant-like Protists
Animal-like Protists
Fungus-like Protists
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Plant-like Protists
Animal-like Protists
Fungus-like Protists
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Species
Family
Genus
Species
Species
Genus
Species
Species
Genus
Species
Species
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
(AR-muh-DIL-uh-DY-uh-dee)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
6 Genus - Armadillidium
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
6 Genus - Armadillidium
(AR-muh-DIL-uh-DEE-um)
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
6 Genus - Armadillidium
7 Species - nasatum
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
6 Genus - Armadillidium
7 Species - nasatum
Species Name ?
Classification
1 Kingdom - Animalia (Animals)
2 Phylum - Arthropoda (Arthropods)
3 Class - Malacostraca (Malacostracans)
4 Order - Isopoda (Isopods)
5 Family - Armadillidiidae (Pill Bugs)
6 Genus - Armadillidium
7 Species - nasatum
Species Name - Armadillidium nasatum
Binomial Nomenclature
- Two Latin names;
genus & species,
to designate
each type
of organism
Species name:
Homo sapiens, or
"man who is wise"
ex:
Homo is our genus
sapiens is our species
Define “Species” ?
- if two organisms can
mate and produce
fertile offspring, they
are probably members
of the same species.
A few thoughts
about life over the
long term. . .
Supernovas can occur
approx. every 50,000
years and can
bombard this planet
with up to 700
roentgens of radiation.
Most forms of life can
not survive over 500
roentgens.
99% of all plant and
animal species that
have ever existed on
this planet have
already become
extinct.
Large animals,
including humans, are
freakishly rare life
forms, since 99% of all
known animal species
are smaller than
bumble bees.
Just THINK about
that for a moment...