Transcript Slide 1
Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Coastal chaparral Coniferous and scrub forest Coastal mountain ranges 15,000 ft 10,000 ft 5,000 ft Sierra Nevada Mountains Desert Great American Desert Coniferous Prairie forest grassland Rocky Mountains Deciduous forest Mississippi Great River Valley Plains Appalachian Mountains Average annual precipitation 100-125 cm (40-50 in.) 75-100 cm (30-40 in.) 50-75 cm (20-30 in.) 25-50 cm (10-20 in.) Below 25 cm (0-10 in.) Sun Producers (rooted plants) Producers (phytoplankton) Primary consumers (zooplankton) Secondary consumers (fish) Dissolved chemicals Tertiary consumers (turtles) Sediment Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) Oxygen (O2) Sun Producer Carbon dioxide (CO2) Primary consumer (rabbit) Falling leaves Precipitation and twigs Secondary consumer (fox) Producers Soil decomposers Water Lower limit of tolerance Few organisms Abundance of organisms Few organisms No organisms Population Size No organisms Upper limit of tolerance Zone of Zone of intolerance physiological stress Low Optimum range Temperature Zone of Zone of physiological stress intolerance High Heat Abiotic chemicals (carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, minerals) Heat Solar energy Heat Decomposers (bacteria, fungus) Heat Producers (plants) Consumers (herbivores, carnivores) Heat Heat First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Fourth Trophic Level Producers (plants) Primary consumers (herbivores) Secondary consumers (carnivores) Tertiary consumers (top carnivores) Heat Heat Heat Solar energy Heat Heat Heat Heat Detritivores (decomposers and detritus feeders) Heat Heat Heat Tertiary consumers (human) Decomposers Heat 10 Secondary consumers (perch) 100 1,000 10,000 Usable energy available at each tropic level (in kilocalories) Heat Primary consumers (zooplankton) Producers (phytoplankton) Heat © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Top carnivores Decomposers/detritivores 21 Carnivores 383 Herbivores 3,368 Producers 20,810 5,060 Figure 4-23 Page 71 Sun Respiration Gross primary production Energy lost & unavailable to consumers Net primary production Growth and reproduction (energy available to consumers) Terrestrial Ecosystems Swamps and marshes Tropical rain forest Temperate forest Northern coniferous forest (taiga) Savanna Agricultural land Woodland and shrubland Temperate grassland Tundra (arctic and alpine) Desert scrub Extreme desert Aquatic Ecosystems Estuaries Lakes and streams Continental shelf Open ocean 800 1,600 2,400 3,200 4,000 4,800 5,600 6,400 7,200 8,000 8,800 9,600 Average net primary productivity (kcal/m2/yr) Energy flow in Silver Springs animation. Calculate the amount of energy available at each level above assuming a 1% transfer of energy into NPP Rain clouds Figure 4-28 Page 76 Condensation Transpiration Transpiration from plants Precipitation to land Precipitation Runoff Surface runoff (rapid) Evaporation Precipitation Evaporation from land Evaporation from ocean Precipitation to ocean Surface runoff (rapid) Infiltration and Percolation Groundwater movement (slow) Ocean storage Atmosphere (most carbon is in carbon dioxide) Combustion of fossil fuels volcanic action photosynthesis Terrestrial rocks weathering combustion of wood (for aerobic clearing land; or for fuel respiration Land food webs producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores Soil water (dissolved carbon) leaching runoff death, burial, compaction over geologic time sedimentation Peat, fossil fuels © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Gaseous Nitrogen (N2) in Atmosphere Nitrogen Fixation by industry for agriculture Food Webs On Land Fertilizers Nitrogen Fixation bacteria convert N2 to ammonia (NH3) ; this dissolves to form ammonium (NH4+) NH3, NH4+ in soil loss by leaching uptake by autotrophs excretion, death, decomposition Nitrogenous Wastes, Remains In Soil Ammonification uptake by autotrophs NO3 – in soil by bacteria 2. Nitrification bacteria, fungi convert the residues to NH3 , this dissolves to form NH4+ bacteria convert NO2- to nitrate (NO3-) 1. Nitrification NO2 – in soil bacteria convert NH4+ to nitrate (NO2–) Denitrification loss by leaching mining excretion FERTILIZER GUANO agriculture uptake by autotrophs MARINE FOOD WEBS weathering DISSOLVED IN OCEAN WATER uptake by autotrophs leaching, runoff DISSOLVED IN SOIL WATER, LAKES, RIVERS death, decomposition sedimentation death, decomposition weathering settling out uplifting over geologic time MARINE SEDIMENTS ROCKS LAND FOOD WEBS Water Sulfur trioxide Acidic fog and precipitation Sulfuric acid Ammonia Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ammonium sulfate Hydrogen sulfide Plants Volcano Dimethyl sulfide Industries Animals Ocean Sulfate salts Metallic sulfide deposits Decaying matter Sulfur Hydrogen sulfide Critical Questions • 1. What is the 10% rule? Why is there a 10% rule? • 2. If an atom is not in a living thing, where is it? • 3. What are the six most common elements in living things? • 4. What’s the difference between GPP and NPP? • 5. What are the three most productive ecosystems/biomes on Earth? Why are there biomes? • 6. In terms of “limits of tolerance”, where do all living things live? • 7. What’s the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification? Why does this occur? • 8.