Transcript 2010-2011 Microorganisms Powerpoint(1)

Microorganisms
A Riddle
• Clue #1 It happens to some people
rarely.
• Clue #2 It happens to some people
frequently.
• Clue #3 It happens in our city, state,
country, & world everyday.
• Clue #4 It happens to you.
• Answer: Getting Sick!!
A Definition
A microorganism is a living thing that
can only be seen with the aid of
magnification , specifically a
microscope .
All microorganisms are living things or
organisms .
Some microorganisms are unicellular ,
Or single-celled. These are the smallest
unit of life .
A Definition
Other microorganisms are Multi-cellular
or many-celled.
unicellular
Multi-cellular
What do you require
to live?
What do microorganisms
require to live?
•
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Food
Air
Water
Ways to dispose of waste
An environment in which they
can live
What do microorganisms
require to live?
• Some microorganisms are
producers . This means they can
make their own food from simple
substances usually using sunlight
like plants do ( photosynthesis .)
• Some microorganisms are
consumers . This means they
eat other organisms to get their
food .
Where do microorganisms
live?
• Microorganisms live all around
us. They are in the water , in soil ,
in hot springs , in ice, deep on the
ocean floor, and high in the
atmosphere. They are on
everything we touch . They are on
our skin and clothes . Many live
inside our body. They are
everywhere !
Where do microorganisms
live?
• While microorganisms can grow
and live everywhere , they prefer
To grow in a warm, dark, moist
place.
What Microorganisms Do
• Microorganisms can be both helpful
and harmful .
• Some microorganisms are harmful .
They can cause disease and make
us sick , but most do not.
•Many microorganisms are helpful ,
and we benefit from them every-day.
They are in the foods we eat, are in
the products we use, help us digest ,
and decompose waste on Earth.
Groups of Microorganisms
• There are many different kinds of
microorganisms. Scientists observe
and classify microorganisms just as
they do plants and animals. These
classifications are determined by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shape and Structure
How they get food
Where they live
How they move
Groups of Microorganisms
• The four groups of microorganisms
we will be studying in this unit are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Viruses
EGG LAB
Materials:
• 1 egg
• 1 toothpick
• Paper towel
• Disposable bowl
EGG LAB
1. Look at the egg.
• What do you see? ()the
shell
• Describe the shell.
• What is its purpose?
EGG LAB
2. Tap the egg gently on the
desk to crack it.
3. Carefully peel the shell
away. How big a hole
can you make without
breaking the membrane?
EGG LAB
4. Describe the membrane
you see.
• What is it like?
• What is its purpose?
• How does it compare to
the shell?
EGG LAB
5. Puncture the membrane
and pour the contents of
the egg into the bowl.
What do you see?
• How would you describe
the contents of an egg?
• What is its purpose?
EGG LAB
6. Draw your egg:
• Draw the shape of the egg in
its shell and label it.
• Draw the egg in the shell
showing the membrane and
label it.
• Draw the egg out of the
shell and label the parts.
EGG LAB
7. Explore the contents of
the egg by looking,
touching, and mixing it
with a toothpick and your
fingers.
EGG LAB
8. When you are finished
pour the raw egg into the
proper trash receptacle.
9. THOROUGHLY WASH
YOUR HANDS WITH SOAP
AND WATER!
EGG LAB
An egg is actually a pretty
good model for a cell.
Let’s see why!
EGG LAB
1. Draw the outline of a cell
and label the outside edge
the Cell Wall. Cell Wall
EGG LAB
2. Draw and label the cell
membrane.
Cell
Membrane
Cell Wall
EGG LAB
3. Draw and label the cell
membrane.
Cell
Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleus
5. Draw and label the
Cytoplasm.
Cell
Membrane
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
EGG LAB
Nucleus
5. Draw and label the
Organelles.
Cell
Membrane
Organelles
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
EGG LAB
Nucleus
Bread Experiment
Materials:
• 5 slices of bread
• 5 Ziplock bags
• Masking Tape and pen/marker
• Box with a lid
Bread Experiment
Procedures:
1. Place one slice of bread in a
Ziplock and label it “Control.”
2. Choose four students to each rub
one slice of bread in different areas
of the classroom.
3. Put each slice of bread in a Ziplock
bag.
4. Place the bags in the box with the
lid.
Bread Experiment
Procedures:
6. Once a week remove the slices of
bread and record your observations.
Use a graph or chart if it will help.
7. At the end of six weeks draw your
conclusion.
Potato Experiment
Materials:
• 1 large potato
• 4 Ziplock bags
• Masking tape & a marker
• Knife
• Box with a lid
Potato Experiment
Procedure:
1. Choose three
students to get their
hands dirty.
2. Cut the potato into
four equal quadrants.
3. Place one quadrant of
the potato in a bag
and label it “Control.”
Potato Experiment
Procedure:
4. Have one student rub
his/her hands all over a
second quadrant of
potato. Label it “Dirty
Hands.”
5. Have the second of the
three students use hand
sanitizer to clean his/her
hands. Then rub his/her
hands all over a third
quadrant of potato.
Label it “Hand Sanitizer.”
Potato Experiment
Procedure:
6. Have the third of the
three students use soap
and water to clean
his/her hands and rub
his/her hands all over a
fourth quadrant of
potato. Label it “Soap
and Water.”
7. Have all three students
wash their hands with
soap and water.
Potato Experiment
Procedure:
8. Put all four bags in the
box with a lid.
9. Once a week remove the
pieces of potato and
record your
observations. Use a
graph or chart if it will
help.
10. At the end of six
weeks draw your
conclusion.
Bacteria
Bacteria
microscopic
single
• Bacteria are _______________,
____________
celled
___________
organisms that exist all
around
inside
_______________
you and _______________
you.
unlike
• _______________
other single celled
organisms, bacteria do not have a
nucleus
organelles
_______________
or _______________.
• If a bacterium does not have a nucleus
or organelles, is it larger or smaller than
other single-celled organisms?
smaller
______________________________
Bacteria
• Bacterial Shapes:
• Bacteria have three basic shapes:
Spirilla (spiral)
• 1. __________________________________________
Bacillus (rod shaped)
• 2. __________________________________________
Coccus (round)
• 3. __________________________________________
alone
• Bacteria can occur ______________,
in
pairs
clumps
_______________,
in _______________,
or in
_______________.
chains
Bacteria
Let’s look more closely at these basic
shapes and use them to classify a set
of bacteria.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
pairs
chains
clumps
alone Coccus (round)
Spirilla (spiral)
Classifying Bacteria
• Follow the instructions to classify each
bacterium.
• Write the number of the bacterium on
the correct blank.
•
•
•
•
Start Here
If each cell is round, go to Section 1.
If each cell is rod-shaped, go to Section 2.
If each cell is spiral, go to Section 3.
Classifying Bacteria
Section 1
If the cells are in pairs, go to A.
If the cells are in chains, go to B.
If the cells are in clumps, go to C.
A. If the cells have a heavy capsule, go to 1.
If the cells have small, hair-like extensions, go to
2.
1. Dipoloccocus pneumonia _________
2. Diplococcus gonorrhoeae _________
Classifying Bacteria
Section 1
B. If the cells are small, go to 3.
If the cells are large, go to 4.
3. Streptococcus lactis _________
4. Streptococcus pyogenes _________
C. Staphloycoccus aureus _________
Classifying Bacteria
Section 2
If the cells are in chains, with heavy capsules
and bulges, go to D.
If the cells are in pairs, go to E.
If only one cell, with a bulge at the end, go to
F.
D. Bacillus anthracis _________
E. Bacillus lactis _________
F. Bacillus tentani _________
Classifying Bacteria
Section 3
If the cell is hooked at the end, go to G.
If the cell is not hooked at the end, go
to H.
G. Leptospira grippotyphosa _________
H. Spirillum minus _________
Where Bacteria Live
everywhere In your _______________,
body
• Bacteria live _______________.
food
surfaces you
in our _______________,
on the _______________
hot springs
ice
touch, in _______________________,
on _______________,
etc.
capsule
• On the outside of a bacterium is a _______________.
This capsule:
drying
• 1. Prevents the cell from _______________
_______________.
out
stick
• 2. Helps the cell _______________
to other things (they
move
own
cannot _______________
on their _______________).
survive
• 3. Helps it _______________
in a variety of
________________________.
environments
Where Bacteria Live
warmth
• Bacteria need _______________,
moisture
food
_______________and
_______________
to
survive. They grow best at
body
temperature
_______________
_____________________.
adverse
• If _______________
conditions arise,
the bacterium forms an
_______________.
This covering
endospore
_______________
the hereditary
protects
material until conditions
improve
_______________.
What Bacteria Eat
food
energy
• Bacteria need _______________
for _______________.
Make their own food through
1. Autotrophs: _________________________________________
photosynthesis
2. Heterotrops: _________________________________________
Find and consume food
• Bacteria break down their food through a process
respiration
called _______________
With oxygen
1. Aerobic Respiration: _________________________________
Without oxygen
2. Anaerobic Respiration: ______________________________
What Bacteria Eat
• Some bacteria are decomposers
_______________. They consume
organisms and
the remains of dead _______________
break
organic matter .
_______________
down the ____________________
• Some people consider decomposers
_______________ to be
_______________,
but consider if the remains
_______________ of
harmful
every
insects
_______________
living thing (_______________,
animals,
lived
plants, etc.) that ever _______________
were still on
the _______________
today. _______________
break down
Earth
Bacteria
these
remains and turn them back into their
original
_______________
chemicals which are carried into the
ground
_______________
where they nourish new
plant
helpful
_______________
growth. That is very _______________.
How Bacteria Reproduce
• Bacteria reproduce through
Fission
Binary
_______________
_______________.
This means they
split
_______________
in half and
create a perfect
copy
_______________
of themselves.
The frequency of fission
depends on the
temperature
_______________.
Bacteria Doubles Every…
•
•
•
•
•
•
1/2
___ hour at 90oF
1 hour at 70oF
___
2 hours at 60oF
___
6 ours at 40oF
___
20 hours at 32oF
___
60 hours at 28 oF
___
If bacteria are
capable of
doubling every
30 minutes, how
many bacteria
can be formed in
a half day from
just one starting
bacterium? Let’s
find out.
Time
12 noon
12:30 pm
1:00 pm
1:30 pm
2:00 pm
2:30 pm
3:00 pm
3:30 pm
Illustrated Bacteria
Number of
Bacteria
Time
12 noon
12:30 pm
1:00 pm
1:30 pm
2:00 pm
2:30 pm
3:00 pm
3:30 pm
Illustrated Bacteria
Number of
Bacteria
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
* This is the growth pattern for
one
______________
bacterium during the
course of ______________
afternoon.
one
How many bacteria are on Earth?
* On average there are:
40 million
- ________________
bacteria cells in a
gram of soil.
1 million
- ________________
bacteria cells in a
milliliter of fresh water.
*It is estimated there are
approximately _______________________
5 nonillion (5 x 10³º)
bacteria on Earth!
Bacteria are Helpful and Harmful:
Helpful
Bacteria are both _______________
and
harmful
_______________.
Helpful:
Sewage Treatment
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Digest food
Nitrogen for plants
_________________________________________
Make some foods (yogurt, cheese,
_________________________________________
sour cream, etc.)
Harmful:
Disease (strep throat, plague, etc.)
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Infection
Ways to Protect Yourself from Harmful
Bacteria:
Wash your body with soap and warm water.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Wash your clothes.
__________________________________________
Brush your teeth.
__________________________________________
Keep the house clean.
Wash and put antiseptics on cuts.
__________________________________________
Use medicine like antibiotics when sick.
__________________________________________
Super Scientist! Louis Pasteur
(1822-1895)
Organism:
Disease
(strep
Typhoid
bacillus
throat, plague,
etc.)
Disease microbes
What He Accomplished:
By
heating milk and
Infection
keeping it a certain
temperature the typhoid
Bacillus would be killed.
He developed the
vaccine.
PROTISTS
Protists
single
• Protists are _______________
_______________microscopic
organisms
celled
that usually live in _______________.
water
hard
• Protists are very _______________
to
_______________.
classify
• Consider the following example.
Classify the following shapes. Be sure
to identify and label categories you
choose to use.
Protists
Protists
• Now share and compare your categories
with a partner. Did you have the same
lists? Do you agree on the same way to
categorize the items? Why or why not?
• _______________
Scientists have the same _______________
problems
when they try to classify _______________.
protists
They don’t fit easily into _______________,
categories and
scientists don’t always _____________
where
agree
placed
they should be _____________.
• Scientists consider the protist’s
shape
_______________
and _______________,
how it
size
gets _______________
how it _______________,
food
moves
and more.
Protists on the Move
• Unlike bacteria, most protists can
move by one of three methods.
• Define and illustrate these methods
of movement.
Flagella
Whip-like tail
Cilia
Small, hair-like
extensions
Pseudopod
False foot
Protists
• If a protist _______________
have a
does
nucleus
organelles is it
_______________
and _______________,
larger or smaller than other bacteria?
_________________
larger
Groups of Protists:
• Most protists can be placed in three
categories:
1.
2.
3.
Animal-like
__________________________________________
Plant-like
__________________________________________
Fungus-like
__________________________________________
Animal-Like Protists
single
• Animal-like protists are _______________
_______________
or _______________
organisms
celled
colonial
called _______________.
protozoans
• They can live in both fresh and salt
_______________,
water
in the _______________,
soil
and in
the _______________
of other organisms.
bodies
food
• All protozoan get their _______________
from the
_______________, just like _______________.
environment
animals
nutrients through their cell
• Some absorb _______________
membranes, others _______________
larger
engulf
_______________
of food.
particles
Some common animal-like protists are:
Paramecium
Characteristics: cilia, oblong
shaped, found in fresh water, eats
bacteria, have two nuclei
Some common animal-like protists are:
Amoebas
Characteristics: pseudopod, do not
have definite shape, move in a
flowing motion, surround their food
to digest it
Some common animal-like protists are:
Flagellates
Characteristics: flagellum, live
inside other organisms
Some common animal-like protists are:
Plasmodium
Characteristics: does not move,
causes malaria
Some common animal-like protists are:
Giardia
Characteristics: flagella, causes
giardia (diarrhea)
Plant-Like Protists
• Plant-like protists, commonly called
_______________,
make their own
algae
_______________through
photosynthesis
food
plants
like _______________.
Some are
_______________while others are
single-celled
multicellular
_______________organisms.
• Some common plant-like protists are:
Plant-Like Protists
Euglena
Characteristics: 1-2 flagella, found in
fresh water, contains, chlorophyll –
green, uses an eye spot to find light
Plant-Like Protists
Brown Algae
Characteristics: commonly known as
kelp or seaweed, can grow up to 200
feet long , found in ice cream
Plant-Like Protists
Red Algae
Characteristics: wrapped around sushi,
used in cosmetics and paint
Plant-Like Protists
Diatoms
Characteristics: have a hard shell made
of silica, used in toothpaste, produce
oxygen, main food source for whales
Fungs-Like Protists
Slime Mold
Characteristics: psuedopod, eat
bacteria, live in forests in the leaf
little and on rotting trees
Protists are Helpful and Harmful
helpful and _______________.
harmful
• Protists are both _______________
• Helpful:
•
•
•
•
•
Primary food source for many ocean animals
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Used
in food such as ice cream and sushi
Used
in paint, cosmetics, toothpaste, etc.
_________________________________________________________
Make
oxygen
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Decomposers
• Harmful:
like malaria and giardia
• Diseases
_________________________________________________________
Super Scientist! Charles Laveran
(1845-1922)
Organism:
Disease that
(strep
Protozoan
throat, plague,
causes
malaria
etc.)
What He Accomplished:
He
showed what caused
Infection
the disease so it cold be
treated.
Super Scientist! Sir Ronal Ross
(1857-1932)
Organism:
Disease
(strep
Malaria
parasite
throat, plague,
etc.)
What He Accomplished:
He
discovered the entire
Infection
life cycle of the malaria
parasite and how it was
spread.
Microscopes
Ocular
Tube
Nosepiece
Objective
Objective
Coarse-Adjustment
Knob
Fine-Adjustment
Knob
Body
Stage Clips
stage
diaphram
Illuminator
Foot
Microorganisms Observation
http://coreacademy.usu.edu/Materials/2006/Handbooks/SixthGrade.pdf p. 177
Super Scientist! Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
Organism:
Disease (strep
Microorganisms
throat, plague,
etc.)
What He Accomplished:
He
created new types of
Infection
microscope lenses and
used them to conclude
that tiny objects he
viewed were tiny.
animals
FUNGI
Fungi
• Fungi are _______________
simple
organisms that are neither
plant
animal
_______________
nor _______________,
yet have
food
characteristics of both and absorb _______________
organic
from whatever _______________
source on which they
are growing.
• Since they _______________
and absorb anything
eat
_______________,
fungi are _______________.
organic
decomposers
• There are three common groups of fungi:
Mold
1. __________________________________________________
Mushrooms (club fungi)
2. __________________________________________________
Yeast
3. __________________________________________________
• How do fungi compare in terms of size to bacteria
and protists?
larger
____________________________________________________
MOLD
Mold
• Have you ever seen mold?
many
• Mold is found in _______________
places and
variety
conditions
grows under a _______________
of _______________
where _______________
and _______________
are
air
moisture
present.
see
• The mold we _______________
with the naked eye
colony
millions
is actually a _______________
of _______________
of
mold cells growing together.
appearance
• Molds vary in _______________.
Some are
fluffy
_______________
and filament-like, some are moist
glossy
slimy
and ____________,
and some are ____________.
Mold
food
• The mold absorbs _______________
from the
growing
item on which it is _______________
to live and
produce
cells
_______________
new _______________.
• Molds reproduce through __________
which are
spores
air
currents
carried by _______________
_______________and
colonies
deposited to start new mold _______________
when _______________
are right.
conditions
helpful
• Molds are _______________
in producing
foods
_______________.
They add flavor and color to
cheese
_______________
and make
soy sauce
_______________________.
They also make
chemicals
_______________
like citric and lactic acid and
many enzymes.
Mold
harmful
spoiling
• Molds are _______________
in _______________
food. Since mold spores are abundant in the
air
_______________,
any food allowed to stand in
contaminated
the open soon becomes __________________
with mold. Some types of mold can also
cool
grow in _______________
temperatures, so
refrigerator
mold can grow on foods in the ______________.
Some molds produce ______________
called
poisons
mycotoxins.
Browning Apples Experiment
• Question:
________________________________________________
What will prevent apples from browning?
________________________________________________
• Hypothesis:
If I use __________________ on the apple then
________________________________________________
it will longer for the apple to turn brown.
________________________________________________
Browning Apples Experiment
Procedures
• Materials:
4-5 varieties of apples
Knife (for teacher use)
Paper plates
Water
Lemon juice
vinegar
Salt water
Sugar water
Browning Apples Experiment
Procedures
• Step 1: Label the paper plates by their
variables
• Step 2: Cut each apple into equal slices.
• Step 3: Place one slice of each apple on the
paper plate labeled, “Control.”
• Step 4: Dip one slice of each apple into a
variable and place it on a labeled
paper plate.
Browning Apples Experiment
Date and Observations
10:00
am
Type of apple
Type of apple
Type of apple
Type of apple
Type of apple
11:00
am
12:00
pm
1:00 pm
2:00 pm
3:00 pm
Browning Apples Experiment
Conclusion
Look at the apples and list
• Conclusion: ___________________________________
the variables in order from the best
________________________________________________
way to prevent browning to the worst.
_________________________________________________
• What I Learned:
- Apples turn brown when exposed to oxygen.
- Not all apples brown at the same time.
- ___________ worked best to prevent browning.
- Brown apples can change the texture & taste.
• Ideas for Future Research:
Change the sizes of the apple pieces.
1. ___________________________________________
Change the independent variables.
2. ________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________
Change the control variable.
Mushrooms
• ______________
Mushrooms are part of a group called
Club Fungi
____________.
• Label the parts of a mushroom.
Mushrooms
• The fruiting body of a mushroom that we
above
see ____________
ground is made of a
cap
gills
_____________
with _______________
underneath
and attached to a _______________.
stalk
“roots”
• Under the ground the _______________
of a
mycelium
mushroom are really _______________
which
grow in very fertile soil or other organic
matter. The mycelium may slowly
grow
years
_____________
underground for _______________
conditions
waiting for the right _______________
under
which to produce the fruiting body or
mushroom
_______________.
Mycelium is
hyphae
• composed of _______________.
Mushrooms
• The _______________
spores
are formed by the
gills
_______________
located under the
cap
_______________.
When time is right, the gills
release
_______________
the spores which are carried
air
currents
by _______________
_______________and
deposited to start _______________
growth.
new
• Mushrooms should never be eaten in the
poisonous
wild, since they may be ____________.
rusts
• Club Fungi also includes _______________
and
smuts
_______________.
Mushrooms
• _______________
Rusts produce rust-colored spores
harmful
wheat
which are _______________
to _______________,
oats
barley, _______________,
and other crops. Each
year they cause millions of dollars of
damage
_______________
to crops.
smuts
• _______________
are a black, dusty-looking
mass of spores they form within the tissues
plant
of a _______________
they are attacking.
corn
Smuts infect _______________,
wheat, oats,
barley
_______________,
and rye.
Mushroom Prints
Materials:
• Mushrooms
• Charcoal
• 9 x 6 white art paper
Mushroom Prints
Procedure:
1. Fold the art paper in half to
create two panels 4 ½ x 6.
2. Draw the mushroom from two
different angles, one on each
panel.
Spore Prints
Materials:
• Mushrooms
• Paper cup
• 3 x 5 card
• Paper towel
Spore Prints
Procedure:
1. Carefully twist the stalk to
remove it from the cap. Set
the cap aside and dissect the
stalk to see the filaments of
mycelium.
2. Return to the cap. Carefully
remove the parts of the cap
that extend below the edge
the cover the gills. Remove
the excess while being
careful not to disturb the
gills.
Spore Prints
Procedure:
3. Once all the gills are
exposed, place the cap, gill
side down, on the plain 3 x 5
card and cover it with the
paper cup. Write your name
on the card.
4. Place the paper on a table
in the classroom where it
not be disturbed for 24-48
hours.
Spore Prints
Procedure:
5. After 24-48 hours, remove
the paper cup and now dry
cap.
6. You should see that your
mushroom has released its
spores onto the card forming
a spore print.
6. Use a hand lens to observe
the spores.
Spore Prints
Fun Fact!!!!
A mushroom can produce 500
million spores in 24 hours.
That means it can produce 2
billion spores in just 4
days!!!!
Yeast
Yeast
small
small
• Yeasts are _______________,
Single-celled
___________________________
organisms.
sugars
• Most yeasts need _______________
and
starches
_______________
to live which helps them
carbon
dioxide
produce _______________
_______________
gas
and alcohol.
helpful
• Yeast are _______________
in food
production. They make _______________
rise
bread
ferment
and _______________
beverages such as wine
and beer. They played an initial role in the
vinegar
production of _______________.
Yeast
small
extreme
• Yeasts can grow in _______________
conditions. This means they can
spoil
meat
_______________food
in _______________
coolers
refrigerators They can
_______________and
_______________.
sweet
also spoil _______________
foods like honey,
jellies
_______________,
maple syrup, or
fermented foods like _______________
pickles
_______________
and
bacteria
sauerkraut which _______________
cannot.
infections
• Some yeasts can cause _______________,
but
less
they are much _______________
common than
bacterial
_______________
infections.
Yeast Experiment
Question:
What will make yeast grow best?
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Hypothesis:
If I use _________________ then my yeast
____________________________________________
grow best.
____________________________________________
Yeast Experiment
Materials:
Procedures:
6 small, empty water bottles
Baking soda
White sugar
salt
1 tbsp
vinegar
Lemon juice
Powdered sugar
1 tbsp active yeast for each bottle
6 baloons
Yeast Experiment
Procedures:
Step 1: fill each water bottle to about ¾ full.
Step 2: Add one independent variable to
each bottle. Label your bottle.
Step 3: Add yeast to each bottle.
Step 4: Pre-stretch a balloon and place it
over the neck of each container.
Step 5: Place the containers in an area of
the classroom where they can be
observed over the next hour.
Step 6: Record observations every 10 min.
Yeast: Data & Observations
10
min.
Independent
variable
Independent
variable
Independent
variable
Independent
variable
Independent
variable
Independent
variable
20 min.
30 min.
40 min.
50 min.
60 min.
Yeast: Data & Observations
As yeast eat, they produce
• Conclusion: ___________________________________
carbon dioxide. The larger the balloon, the
___________________________________________________
more yeast grew
___________________________________________________
• What I Learned:_
- Yeast produces carbon dioxide.
- Yeast prefer sugar to grow.
- Yeast are killed by lemon juice, vinegar, etc.
- Yeast help bread to rise.
• Ideas for Future Research:
Change independent variables.
1. ________________________________________________
Change the temperature of the water.
2. ________________________________________________
Fungi: Helpful & Harmful
• Fungi are both _______________
helpful
and
_______________.
harmful
• Helpful:
Food (mushrooms, bread, etc.)
• _________________________________________
Fermentation of food (soy sauce, vinegar, etc.
• __________________________________________________
• Harmful:
Disease (athlete’s foot)
• _________________________________________
Ring Worm
• __________________________________________
Poisonous Mushrooms
• __________________________________________
Some are toxic to humans, animals, and
• _________________________________________
plants.
Super Scientist! Alexander Fleming
(1881-1955)
Organism:
Disease
(strep
bacteria
and
mold
throat, plague,
etc.)
What He Accomplished:
He
discovered penicillin,
Infection
which kills many
different kinds of
bacteria.
Viruses
Viruses
• Some scientists think viruses are
living
things
_______________
_______________,
and
not
some do _______________.
smaller
• They are much _______________
than a
cell
_______________
and do not have
organelles. In fact, a cell can hold
500
over _______________
viruses! Viruses
small
are so _______________,
scientists
existed
knew they _______________
long
see
before they could _______________
them. They could not be seen until
1930s
the _______________
when an
electron
_______________
microscope was
Ernst
invented by _______________
Ruska
_______________.
Label the Parts of a Viruses
Genetic
Information
Protein
Coat
Viruses
Inside
• _______________
a virus is its
genetic
information
_______________
_______________.
This
is the programming a virus needs
reproduce
to _______________
itself.
outside
• The _______________
of a virus is a
protein
coat
_______________
_______________
that
protects the genetic information
and helps it _______________
to
attach
cells.
• Viruses can only do
one
_______________
thing –
reproduce
_______________.
Viruses
• They must use a
to
_______________
_______________
host
to reproduce.
• A virus can only
_______________
one cell. Its
infect
receptors only fit
one
_______________
particular
type of cell, just like a
key
_______________
only fits one
lock
_______________.
Viruses
Explain how a virus infects a cell.
Virus attaches itself to a cell.
1. ________________________________________________
Inserts its genetic material.
2. ________________________________________________
Genetic material takes control
over the cell’s function.
3. ________________________________________________
------------------------------------------------Cell begins making copies of the
4. ________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
virus.
Cell bursts, releasing the virus
5. ________________________________________________
into the body
Viruses each seek out a new cell.
6. _________________________________________________
Your Immune System:
• Most viral diseases are
contagious
_______________.
They can be
_______________
from one
passed
person to another.
• Some are passed through
air
the _______________
by
coughing
_______________
and
sneezing
_______________.
Your Immune System:
• Some are passed through
body
fluids
_______________
_______________
like blood.
• Some are spread by
direct
contact
_______________
_______________
like shaking hands.
defense
• Your body has a _______________
protect
system to _______________
itself
from viruses called an
Immune
System
_______________
_______________.
Your Immune System:
• List the parts of your body’s immune
system:
Skin
• 1. ______________________________________
•
White
Blood
Cells
2. ______________________________________
Antibodies
• 3. ______________________________________
T-Cells
• 4. ______________________________________
Interferon
• 5. ______________________________________
Your Immune System:
• Once you have had a virus
recovered
and _______________,
you
cannot get the
_______________
virus again.
same
Your body will have made
antibodies
_______________
specifically
designed to _______________
protect
you from that particular
virus. The antibodies
block
________________
the cell, so
unable
the virus is _______________
to
attach to it.
Your Immune System:
• You can slow the spread of
viruses by:
Washing your hands
- ___________________________________
Cover your mouth when you
sneeze or cough
- ___________________________________
Avoid direct contact with
those who are sick.
- ___________________________________
Getting
enough
sleep
- ___________________________________
Keep
your
body
healthy
- ___________________________________
Viruses are Helpful and Harmful
• Viruses are both
helpful
_______________
and
harmful
_______________.
Helpful:
- Some infections are helpful
since they increase your immune
system.
Harmful:
Disease:
Chicken Pox, Common Cold, Polio,
Measles, Mumps, Rabies, Worts, Cold
Sores, Some Cancers, Flu
Super Scientist! Edward Jenner
(1749-1823)
Organism:
Disease
Small
pox (strep
throat, plague,
etc.)
What He Accomplished:
He
discovered a vaccine
Infection
for Small Pox.
Microorganisms and Food
Microorganisms and Food
helpful
• Microorganisms play a _______________
role in the production of food.
Bacteria
• _______________
helps in the production of
foods like:
buttermilk, cheese, sour cream, etc.
• Yogurt,
______________________________________
• _______________
help in the production of
Fungi
foods like:
Cheese, soysause, mushrooms, bread,
• _________________________________________
etc.
Ways to Prevent Spoiling
harmful
• Microorganisms can also be _______________
spoiling
by _______________
food and making people
sick
_______________.
• We can prevent microorganisms from
spoiling food by:
canning
1. __________________________________________
freezing
2. __________________________________________
drying
3. __________________________________________
Pasteurization
4. __________________________________________
Additives (like vinegar or salt)
5. ___________________________________________
Ways to Prevent Contamination
prevent
• We can_______________
microorganisms from
contaminating
and __________________food
by:
• We can prevent microorganisms from
spoiling food by:
Washing hands with warm, soapy water.
1. __________________________________________
Washing surfaces and utensils with
2. __________________________________________
hot, soapy water.
3.
4.
5.
Rinsing fruits and vegetables
__________________________________________
Checking expiration dates
__________________________________________
Covering and storing foods in their proper
___________________________________________
places such as the refrigerator or freezer
Microorganisms and Disease
Bacteria
Cholera
Protists
African Sleeping
Sickness
Diphtheria Giardia
E-Coli
Malaria
Amoebic
Leprosy
Dysentery
Pneumonia
Salmonella
Fungi
Viruses
Aspergillus
Chicken Pox
Athlete’s Foot
Desert Fever
Cold Sores
Ring Worm
Common Cold
Thrush
Scarlet Fever
Shigella
Rinsing fruits and vegetables
Tetanus
Checking expiration dates
Tuberculosis
Hepatiis
Influenza
Mumps
Polio
Rabies
Rubella
Small Pox
Covering and storing foods in their
proper
Yellow Fever
places
Whooping
Coughsuch as the refrigerator or freezer
Typhoid Fever
Warts
“Who Am I?”
1. I am an ancient disease, recorded to exist over 2,500 years
ago.
2. I am a disease that is greatly feared because I change the
way people look.
3. Long ago, when someone had my disease, the person was
made to leave their family and live alone in the mountains or
on an island.
4. I am caused by bacteria.
5. The scientific name for my bacteria is mycobacterium leprae,
but I am also known as Hansen’s bacillus.
6. I am named after G. Armauer Hansen, a scientist who
discovered me when he was hunting for a cure for my
disease.
7. G. Armauer Hansen found me in 1874 and showed that I
looked like little sausage shapes about 1/4000 of an inch
long.
“Who Am I?”
8. I am not very contagious and the danger from catching me
has been greatly exaggerated. In the Bible times, people who
had me were made to shout, “Unclean! Unclean!” so other
people would stay away from them.
9. I cause the skin to thicken especially on the face. Nerves
lose feeling, and I can make hands look like claws.
10. I am found mostly in warm, tropical countries.
11. Scientists have discovered drugs called sulfone that kill me.
12. Today, people who have my disease can stay at home and
be treated.
13. I have almost disappeared from the Earth, because
scientists have discovered my cause and my cure.
14. You probably do not know anyone who has had me.
15. What is my name?
Answer: Leprosy
“Who Am I?” A Disease
Riddle
Select a disease from the chart to research. Answer
the following questions to help you write your own
“Who Am I?” riddle.
1. How long have you been around?
2. What happens physically to someone who gets
you?
3. What happens socially to someone who gets you?
4. Are you caused by bacteria, protist, fungi, or virus?
5. What is your scientific name? Do you have a
common name?
6. How did you receive your name?
7. When were you first discovered and by whom?
“Who Am I?” A Disease
Riddle
Select a disease from the chart to research. Answer the
following questions to help you write your own “Who Am I?”
riddle.
8. Are you contagious? How can a person “catch” you?
9. What will happen physically to a person who gets you? (be
specific)
10. Where in the world are you found? What climate or region?
11. Is there a cure? If so, what is it?
12. Where do people go to be treated? (stay at home, go to the
hospital, etc.)
13. How common are you? Do a lot of people have you or are
you disappearing?
14. Would people in the class know someone who has been
infected with you?
15. “What is my name?”
Bacteria
Definition
How does it
get its food
How does
reproduce
Protists
Fungi
Viruses
One-celled
organism
with no
nucleus or
organelles
Single or
multicellular
organisms
found often
in water
Multi-cellular
organisms
like mold,
mushrooms,
and yeast
Nonliving
organism
made of
hereditary
material and
a protein
coat
Autotrops
make their
own food.
Heterotrops
consume
food.
Some
consume
food, some
use
photosynthesis
Absorb
organic
material
from where
they are
growing
do not need
fod
spores
Attaching
to a living
cell
Binary
fission
Binary
fission
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Viruses
How is it
helpful
makes
food
oxygen, food food
production,
source of
production,
decomposers ocean
decomposers
animals
How is it
harmful
Diseases
Diseases like Diseases like Diseases
strep throat Giardia
like athlete’s like colds
and flu
foot,
destroys
crops
Illustration
Infections
build a
strong
immune
system