Transcript Genetic Technologies

GENETIC
TECHNOLOGIES
Mrs. Stewart
Honors Biology
STANDARDS:
TSW evaluate the scientific and ethical
concerns surrounding DNA/genetic
technologies
Objectives:
Evaluate DNA fingerprinting, recombinant
DNA technology and genetic engineering.
PURPOSE OF GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES
Processing DNA from the scene of a crime
Improve food crops
Determine if a person “carries” the gene for a
particular disorder
Determine if a person has the gene that will cause a
particular disorder before symptoms begin
Identify the father of a child
Research treatments and cures for genetic diseases
DNA TECHNOLOGIES
DNA IDENTIFICATION
Every person shares 99.9% of the same
DNA.
.01% variations can be used to identify an
individual
TWO KINDS OF FINGERPRINTS
WHAT IS DNA FINGERPRINTING?
A technique used by scientists to distinguish
between individuals by using the .01% variations in
their DNA
Non-coding regions of DNA contain repetitive
sequences. Each person has a different number
of these varying sequences.
(VNTR = Variable Number Tandem Repeats)
STEPS IN DNA IDENTIFICATION
Copy the DNA billions of times = PCR
Cut it with restriction enzymes
Sort the DNA using gel electrophoresis
PCR animation
Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Labs
USING FRAGMENTS TO IDENTIFY
Was the suspect at the crime scene?
PATERNITY TESTING
By comparing the DNA profile of a mother and
her child, it is possible to identify the biological
father.
PATERNITY TEST
USING DNA FINGERPRINTING FOR
IDENTIFICATION
ACCURACY OF DNA PROFILING
• 13 different locations for VNTR are analyzed
• The probability that 2 individuals (not identical twins) all
the same VNTR is 1 in 100 billion
• There are only ~6.5 billion people on the planet
RECOMBINANT DNA
WHAT GOOD ARE BACTERIA?
BACTERIAL CELL
Protein Factories!!
All they do is produce their
proteins, each and every day!
HOW COULD WE UTILIZE
THIS?
If we give the bacteria
the gene sequence we
desire, it will make the
proteins we wish!
RECOMBINANT DNA
When DNA from two different organisms are
joined
OTHER APPLICATIONS FOR
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Vaccines!
We can inject the protein from a virus without
giving you the actual virus.
Example: The newest flu vaccines!
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Began in early 90s.
By 2003, the sequencing was complete
Coded the entire human genome onto
computers for analysis and study
WHAT DID WE LEARN?
Only about 2% of our genome codes for
proteins
The genome is smaller than we thought!
 Estimated that we have 100,000 protein-coding genes
 We actually have about 20-25,000 protein coding genes
HOW DO WE USE THE
INFO?
Carrier screenings
Genetic diagnostic testing
Cancer and other genetic disorders research
GENETIC ENGINEERING
GENETIC
ENGINEERING
Gene therapy
Cloning
Reproductive
Therapeutic
GM crops
GENE THERAPY
CLONING
REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
Creates an entire copy of an organism
THERAPEUTIC CLONING
Creates only a
part of an
organism – like
an organ for
transplantation
GM CROPS
Adding genes to plants to:
 Make resistant to wee-controlling chemicals
 Resistant to plants
Yield more crops because they are better
protected
CONTROVERSY
Pros
 Higher crop yields
 Help alleviate world
hunger problems
Cons
 What if resistance
transfers to weeds?
 Safe to eat?
 Increase population
size