Transcript Lecture 4

Lecture 4
Development of world medicine and
pharmacy of the XVIII – XX centuries.
History of creation of medications.
From the end of ХVI century a front-rank
country in an economic and cultural
relation was Netherlands.
 Here acquires the development of studies
of Paracelsus about a chemical process in
an organism.
 The supporter of such knowledge’s was
Van-Gelmont, which probed blood, gastric
juice, water, air. He was the founder of
biological chemistry.
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In this period of more pharmacies began
to execute the functions of the well
equipped chemical laboratories. Chemists
are considered one with the welleducated specialists, so as combine the
functions of druggist and chemist.
 Exactly on the base of pharmacies
scientific centers were created. The
academies of sciences were organized in
Italy and France of the base of
pharmacies.
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The Swedish chemist Charles William Sheele
(1742-1786) in a little pharmacy laboratory
carried out near 50 prominent openings, in
particular, the method of receipt of phosphorus
offered, selected a chlorine in a free kind,
opened arsenic anhydride and arsenic acid, got
the sulphuretted hydrogen, selected and
described the half of the organic compounds
known in a 18 item, including milk and benzoic
acids, described the methods of receipt of ethers
of lemony and other acids.
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Opening row of vegetable acids by Scheele put
beginning methods of phytochemistry.
Scheele opened a sweet matter which named
glycerin.
An attempt to be deprived from ballast matters at
the reception of medical plants was a long ago.
Opium was known a long ago, him chemical
treatment began in ХVІІ item and only in 1831
morphine was selected by a chemist
Zertyugnerom.
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A chemist Nick Vokalen (1763-1829) was the
first pharmaceutical head in Paris, founded in
1803 master, executed over 200 chemical
works. He opened a chrome, beryllium,
palladium, iridium, got the sulphuretted
hydrogen, the cyanic acid.
A chemist Sharl Derozi (1780-1848) has
opened narcotic, engaged in the receipt of
sugar.
A military chemist Bernar Kuptua (17771836) has opened iodine which appeared as a
violet pair under operating of sulphuric acid on
seaweed.
Druggist Mor (1806-1879) was the creator
of volume analysis. Не has first utillized
pipettes, has designed scales of new type.
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A chemist and professor of Antuan
Bome (1728-1804) entered in
pharmaceutical practice an aerometer for
determination of closeness of alcohol and
salty solutions; he founded the first factory
of ammonium chloride.
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R.Boyl (1627-1691) began to speak about
modern chemical elements. The chemist
M.G. Klaprot (1743-1817) opened
connections of uranium and zirconium,
titan (together with Gregorom) and cerium
(simultaneously with Berceliusom).
 The chemist K.Klaus (1796-1864) has
opened a new metal – ruthenium, and
druggist A.Bolyar (1802-1876) selected a
bromine.
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Beginning of organic chemistry connected
with Liebikh and Veler.
 Libikh (1803-1873) began the activity in a
pharmacy. He created method of
elementary organic analysis and was the
founder of agronomical and physiology
chemistry. Also he opened chlorate
hydrates and chloroform. The method of
determination of alkaloids belongs to him.
 Veler described cyanic acid.
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In the second half of ХIХ item intensively
organic chemistry began to develop.
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One of the prominent openings (in 1842) was
synthetic receipt of aniline from nitrobenzol by
the Russian chemist M.I. Zinin.
The synthesis of aniline put beginning stormy
development of pharmaceutical industry.
Preparations of ductless glands, medical
whey’s, vaccines and other bacterial
preparations, got wide distribution.
In ХIХ item substantial influence on pharmacy
found out development of microbiology.
 Labors of the French scientist Louis Paster
(1822-1895) and other scientists were proved
that fermentation and rotting is investigation of
vital functions of bacteria. Bacteria are not
engendered arbitrarily.
 Louis Paster was a founder of antiseptic. For
wound infections such antiseptic facilities began
to use: tincture of iodine, solution of nitrate of
silver, choric water, alcohol. Most distribution
was got carbolic acid.
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With development of bacteriology there was a
question about making and vacation from the
pharmacies of some medical forms, what free
from bacteria.
In 1885 a Petersburg’s chemist Pel suggested to
use for making of solutions for hypodermic
injections granules which contained the
negligible quantity of antiseptic matters.
He also offered to use antiseptic facilities at
storage of water extractions for warning of
fermentation.
The production of chemical preparations in
the middle of ХIХ item passed to industry.
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The extracts and tinctures began to make in
galenic laboratories. Getting of alkaloids in a
pharmacy became unprofitable and factories will
be organized. In 1816 the production of quinine
was organized.
In 1827 a chemist Merk (Germany) pawned
basis of factory production of morphine, narcotic,
quinine, strychnine and other matters. On the
base of pharmacy laboratory the factory of Ridal
was founded, which made 570 preparations in
1844.
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Among achievements of phytochemistry of ХІХ
item an important place occupies opening of
cocaine.
An attempt to change configuration of cocaine
resulted in the synthesis of novocaine.
Novocaine appeared anesthetic which did not
yield to the cocaine, but had in repeatedly less
toxic.
G. Devi (1778-1829) working as a chemist
student marked the anesthesia action of nitrous
oxide. In 1844 soured nitrogen was used for
tooth extraction.
On completion of this period of time it is
necessary to give another fact.
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At the end of ХVIII century appeared a new
theory of treatment of illnesses - to treat the
slight doses of clean medicinal matters.
The founder of this theory was German doctor
Samuel Ganeman (1755-1845).
Theory of Ganeman got the name homoeopathy.
In basis of the system of Ganeman principles
consisted that medication which is chosen for
treatment of that or other illness must in large
doses lead to the phenomenon very similar with
the symptoms of this illness.
It was considered from the point of view
homoeopaths, that for treatment of every
illness only enough one simple remedy. It
action is stronger, when less doses.
 Operating force of medications is arrived
at breeding and mixed.
 So two drops of fresh juices or primary
tinctures from vegetable medications mix
up with 98 drops of alcohol.
 Then drop of this mixture - with 99 drops
of alcohol make the second breeding et
cetera.
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Druggists which were the supporters of
these studies opened the special
homoeopathic pharmacies. The network of
these separate pharmacies exists in our
time.
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In 20th in London a bacteriologist Fleming put
experiments with the colonies of streptococci on
the special environment.
He paid attention, that an environment was soiled
by mould which dissolved the culture of
streptococci.
From mould a researcher got an antibacterial
enzyme lizocim.
Continuing experiments, Fleming noticed that
green mould secreted an antibacterial matter
which represses growth of many bacteria. He
named this matter penicillin.
After the row of publications and lecture on
International congress of microbiologists in 1936
opening, however, did not bring over to itself
attention.
Later penicillin the group of the Oxford
scientists, which was led by a
microbiologist G.Flori (1898-1968) and
biochemist E.Cheyn, got in a clean kind
(1906-1979).
 First he was applied on February, 12 in
1941 in London.
 The industrial issue of penicillin began in
1943 in the USA. From the beginning of
opening and 20 years passed to practical
use.
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Another antibiotic - streptomycin was
opened by Vaksman (1888-1973). He,
beginning from 1939, probed an over 500
microorganisms and in 1942 selected
streptomycin, which became a mighty
weapon in a fight against infections which
are caused by putrid bacteria.
In the XX century attention increased to the
vitamins, in particular, to the mechanism of their
receipt and introduction in medical practice. The
doctor from Netherlands Eykman, being on an
island Java, paid a regard to the sickly state of
chickens which were in a cage and eaten
cleared rice. Chickens which fermented on a
court and searched a various meal had a
healthy kind.
Eykman succeeded to select from the rice a matter
which in the composition had an amino group.
From 1932 this matter got the name "vitamin",
from Latin "vita" is life.