Transcript Cancer

Health 12
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Cancer is a disease in
which abnormal cells in the
body grow out of control.
http://youtu.be/LEpTTolebqo
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Leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow and
blood.
Two major types of leukemia are:
 Lymphocytic leukemia – increase of white blood cells
known as lymphocytes
 Myelogenous leukemia – increase of white blood
cells known as granulocytes
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Leukemia can be acute or chronic. Acute
progresses rapidly, whereas chronic forms of
leukemia progress slowly, leading to different
approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
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Chronic exposure to benzene
Exposure to large doses of radiation
Cancer-causing chemicals in
tobacco
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36,273 people in the United States were
diagnosed with leukemia, including 20,629
males and 15,644 females.
21,928 people in the United States died from
leukemia, including 12,434 males and 2,494
females.
http://youtu.be/-cR6ZCtYo_s
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Lymphoma is a general term for a
group of cancers that originate in
the lymph system.
Two primary types of lymphoma
are:
 Hodgkin lymphoma – spreads
in an orderly manner from one
group of lymph nodes to
another
 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma –
spreads through the lymphatic
system in a non-orderly manner
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Main causes of lymphoma are unknown.
Research has shown that people infected
with HIV are at much higher risk of
developing lymphoma.
Some other studies suggest that specific
ingredients in herbicides and pesticides can
cause lymphoma
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58,393 people in the United States were
diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma,
including 31,351 men and 27,042 women.
20,528 people in the United States died from
non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including 11,004
men and 9,524 women.
http://youtu.be/6TnO474Zou0
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Myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells.
The cells overgrow, forming a mass or tumor
that is located in the bone marrow.
Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found in
the center of the bone, where red cells, white
blood cells, and platelets are made.
http://youtu.be/a51TfbBEsrg
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People under the age of 45 years rarely
develop the disease.
Those who are 67 years or older are at the
greatest risk of developing myeloma.
Men are more likely than women to develop
myeloma.
Myeloma is twice as common among African
Americans than Caucasians.
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16,776 people in the United States were
diagnosed with myeloma, including 9,240
men and 7,536 women.
10,872 people in the United States died from
myeloma, including 5,810 mean and 5,062
women.
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Many conditions can cause lumps in
the breast, including cancer.
Two most common causes of breast
lumps are fibrocystic breast
condition and cysts.
 Fibrocystic condition causes
noncancerous changes in the breast
that can make them lumpy, tender, and
sore.
 Cysts are small fluid-filled sacs that can
develop in the breast.
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Sometimes breast cells become
abnormal, these cells grow,
divide, and create new cells that
the body does not need and that
do not function normally.
The extra cells form a mass called
a tumor. Sometimes tumors are
benign or not cancer. These
tumors usually stay in one spot in
the breast and do not cause big
health problems.
Other tumors are malignant and are
cancer.
 Breast cancer often starts out too small
to be felt, as it grows it can spread
throughout the breast or to other parts of
the body.
 The kind of breast cancer depends on
which cells in the breast turn into cancer.
 Cancer can begin in different parts of the
breast, like the ducts or the lobes.
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Ductal carcinoma – The most common type
of breast cancer. Begins in the cells that line
the milk ducts in the breast.
 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) – The abnormal
cancer cells are only in the lining of the milk ducts,
and have not spread to other tissues in the breast.
 Invasive ductal carcinoma – The abnormal cancer
cells break through the ducts and spread into
other parts of the breast tissue. Invasive cancer
cells can also spread to other parts of the body.
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Lobular Carcinoma – In this kind of breast
cancer, the cancer cells begin in the lobes, or the
lobules of the breast. (Lobules are the glands
that make milk.)
 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) – The cancer cells
are found only in the breast lobules. Does not spread
to other tissues.
 Invasive lobular carcinoma – Cancer cells spread
from lobules to the breast tissues that are close by.
The invasive cancer cells can also spread to other
parts of the body.
The most common cancer in women, no matter
your race or ethnicity.
 The most common cause of death from cancer
among Hispanic women.
 The second most common cause of death from
cancer among white, black, Asian/Pacific, and
American Indian.
 In 2007, there were 202,964 women diagnosed
with breast cancer. And 40,598 women died
from breast cancer.
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Men can get breast cancer. In men, breast
cancer can happen at any age, but is most
common in men between 60 and 70 years
old. Male breast cancer is not very common.
For every 100 cases of breast cancer, less than
1 is in men.
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Getting older.
Being younger when you
had your first menstrual
period.
Starting menopause at a
later age.
Being older at the birth
of your first child.
Never giving birth.
Not breastfeeding.
Personal history of
breast cancer.
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Treatment with radiation
therapy to the
breast/chest.
Being overweight.
Long term of hormone
replacement therapy.
Having changes in the
breast cancer-related
genes.
Using birth control pills.
Drinking alcohol.
Not getting regular
exercise.
Get screened for breast cancer
regularly.
 Control your weight and exercise.
 Know your family history of
breast cancer.
 Find out the risks and benefits of
hormone replacement therapy.
 Limit the amount of alcohol you
drink.
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New lump in the breast or underarm
Thickening of swelling of part of the breast.
Irritation or dimpling of breast skin.
Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or breast.
Pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area.
Nipple discharge other than breast milk,
including blood.
 Any change in the size or the shape of the
breast.
 Pain in any area of the breast.
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Mammogram – an X-ray of the breast. Best method
of detecting cancer early on.
 Clinical breast exam – an examination by a doctor or
a nurse, who uses his or her hands to feel for lumps or
other changes.
 Breast self-exam – when you check your own breast
for lumps, changes in size, or any other changes.
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http://youtu.be/WUoqsBxgXWI
Surgery – operation where doctors cut out and
remove cancer tissue.
 Chemotherapy – using special medicines, or
drugs to shrink or kill the cancer. Can be pills or
given through an IV tube.
 Biological therapy – works with body’s immune
system to help fight cancer or control side
effects from other cancer treatments.
 Radiation – High-energy rays to kill the cancer
cells. Rays are pointed in the area where cancer
is located.
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The prostate is part of the male
reproductive system.
Prostate cancer cells spread to other parts
of the body, they are called metastases.
http://youtu.be/rrMq8uA_6iA
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Most common cancer in men, no matter race
or ethnicity.
2nd most common cause of death from cancer
among men
More common in African-American men
compared to white men.
In 2007, almost a ¼ of a million men were
diagnosed with prostate cancer. 29,000 of
them died from prostate cancer.
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Age – the older a man is, the
greater the chance for getting
prostate cancer.
Family history – those with family
members who had prostate cancer
are two to three times more likely
to develop the disease themselves.
Race – more common in some racial
and ethnic groups.
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Difficulty starting urination
Weak or interrupted flow of urine
Frequent urination, especially at night
Difficulty emptying the bladder completely
Pain or burning during urination
Blood in the urine or semen
Pain in the back, hips, or pelvis that doesn’t
go away
Painful ejaculation
SCREENING
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Digital Rectal Exam
TREATMENT
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 Doctor or nurse checks the
 Remove the prostate
size of the prostate
completely
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Prostate specific antigen
test (PSA)
 Blood test that measures the
Surgery
Radiation Therapy
 Destroy the cancer cells or
prevent them from growing
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Hormone Therapy
 Drugs, surgery, or other
level of PSA in the blood
hormones to remove male sex
hormones or block them from
working
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Chemotherapy
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Skin cancer is the most common form of
cancer in the U.S.
Common types of skin cancer:
 Basal Cell
 Squamous cell carcinomas
 Melanoma – most dangerous, caused by exposure
to ultraviolet light (UV)
Ultraviolet A (UVA) – most
common sunlight at the earth’s
surface and reaches beyond the
top layer of human skin
 Ultraviolet B (UVB) – most of
these are absorbed by the
ozone layer. Less common at
earth’s surface
 Ultraviolet C (UVC) – very
dangerous, but do not reach
the ground due to the ozone
layer
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Lighter natural skin color
Family history
Exposure to the sun through work and play
A history of sunburns early in life
Indoor tanning
Skin that burns, freckles, reddens easily, or
becomes painful in the sun
 Blue or green eyes
 Blond or red hair
 Certain types and a large number of moles
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Protection is important year around
Seek shade
Wear clothing to help cover up
Wear a hat
Sunglasses
Sunscreen
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Cancer that begins in the lungs and can
spread to other organs. When it spreads from
one organ to another it is called metastases.
Risk Factors
 Smoking
 Things around the house (radon gas or asbestos)
 Personal traits
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In the United States, about 90% of lung
cancer deaths in men and almost 80% of lung
cancer deaths in women are due to smoking.
People who smoke are 10 to 20 times more
likely to get lung cancer or die from lung
cancer than people who do not smoke.
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Shortness of breath
Coughing that doesn’t go away
Wheezing
Coughing up Blood
Chest Pain
 Other changes that can sometimes occur with
lung cancer may include repeated bouts of
pneumonia and swollen or enlarged lymph nodes
in the chest area
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Prevention
 Don’t Smoke!
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Screening
1. Chest X-rays
 Avoid Secondhand
smoke
 Make your home or
workplace safer
 Eat lots of fruits and
vegetables
2. Sputum cytology
3. Spiral CT scans of the
lungs
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http://youtu.be/z4QbnZRD9E
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Anemia
Appetite Changes
Bleeding
Constipation
Diarrhea
Fatigue
Flu-like symptoms
Fluid Retention
Hair Loss
Infection
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Infertility
Mouth and throat
changes
Nausea and vomiting
Nervous System changes
Pain
Sexual changes
Skin and nail changes
Eye changes
Urinary, kidney, and
bladder changes
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Tingling, burning,
weakness, or numbness
in your hands or feet
Feeling colder than
normal
Pain when walking
Weak, sore, tired, or
achy muscles
Being clumsy and losing
your balance
Trouble picking up
objects or buttoning
your clothes
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Shaking or trembling
Hearing loss
Stomach pain, such as
constipation or
heartburn
Fatigue
Confusion and memory
problems
Dizziness
Depression