Transcript Understanding cancer PowerPoint (long version)

What You
Need To Know
Objectives
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Understanding cancer
Facts and statistics
Most common cancers
Cancer risks
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis and staging
Screening and self-exams
Prevention
Treatment
Cancer support
Resources
Understanding Cancer
What is cancer?
 Cancer is a disease where there is a rapid growth of abnormal cells.
 The abnormal cells grow beyond the usual boundaries in a multistage process.
 Many cancers form solid tumors or masses of tissue and they are referred to as
malignant.
 If cancer spreads to distant sites in the body it is said to have metastasized.
Understanding Cancer
Growth of cancer cells
 Normal cells follow a process of growth, division and death.
 Cancer cells do not follow this process and instead continue to mutate, grow, divide and
do not die.
 Cancer cells reproduce every 2-6 weeks.
 One million cancer cells can fit on the head of a pin, while one billion cells are equal to
the size of a small grape.
Cancer cells in the
lymphatic system
Kidney cancer cells
Circulating cancer cell in
the blood stream
Understanding Cancer
Important Facts & Stats
 Cancer risk rises significantly with age and it is thought that there is an inability of the
cells to repair themselves as one gets older.
 Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
 There are approximately 14 million new cases yearly.
 In 2012, there were 8.2 million cancer related deaths.
 The number of new cases is expected to rise by about 70% over the next 2 decades.
10 Most Common Cancers Worldwide
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Lung
Breast
Colorectal
Prostate
Stomach
6. Liver
7. Cervix
8. Esophagus
9. Bladder
10. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
***Statistics from World Cancer Research Fund International
Men vs. Women
Most common sites of cancer (2012)
Men
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Lung
Prostate
Colorectal
Stomach
Liver
Women
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Breast
Colorectal
Lung
Cervix
Stomach
Risk Factors
Top 5 behavioral and dietary risks
 High Body Mass Index (BMI)
 Lack of physical activity
 Low fruit and vegetable intake
 Tobacco use
 Alcohol use
These risks are responsible for approximately one
third of cancer deaths and can all be avoided!
Environmental Risks
Environmental exposure
 Exposure to certain substances and chemicals in the environment have been shown
to damage cell DNA and increase risk of cancer.
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Air pollution
Second hand smoke
UV radiation
Certain bacteria, viruses and parasites
Chemical exposures such as asbestos, food contaminants and arsenic
Family History and Cancer Risk
Inherited risks
 Less than 15% of all cancers are inherited
 Mutations of genes are linked to some inherited cancers
• Colon
• Breast
• Ovarian
• Prostate
• Skin Cancer
Prevention
Healthy BMI & Physical Activity
 Try to maintain a healthy weight and a BMI of 18.5-25, which is considered
normal.
 Physical activity alone provides many health benefits and has been shown to
lower one’s risk for certain cancers, as well as helps keep your weight down.
 Adults should get at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes of
vigorous intensity, or an equal combination, of activity every week.
Prevention
Diet
 People who eat more fruits and vegetables are less likely to develop cancer.
 Substances that naturally occur in plants are continually being studied as
possible ways to prevent cancer.
 Eat a healthy diet, focus on increasing plant foods such as fresh fruits, fresh
vegetables, beans, whole grains, herbs, spices and green tea.
Prevention
Tobacco Use
 It is the leading risk factor for causing cancer and of death from cancer.
 There is no “safe” level of tobacco use.
 Tobacco use causes 20% of global cancer deaths and is responsible for 70% of
global lung cancer deaths.
 People who use tobacco regularly or who are around secondhand smoke have an
increased risk of cancer.
 Do not start using tobacco or quit if you are already using tobacco.
Prevention
Alcohol Use
 There is a strong incidence between alcohol drinking and several types of
cancer; head, neck, oral, throat, voice box, esophageal, liver, breast and
colorectal cancer.
 People who consume more than 3.5 or more alcoholic drinks daily have a two to
three times greater risk of developing these cancers.
 The risk is even higher for those who drink alcohol and use tobacco.
 Limit alcohol use, the more you drink the higher the risk.
Additional Prevention Tips
 Protect yourself from damaging exposure to the sun by wearing sunscreen with
an SPF of 15 or greater, limiting time in the sun, avoiding tanning beds and
covering exposed areas.
 Infections such as human papilloma virus (HPV), Hepatitis C (HCV) and/or
hepatitis B virus (HBV) can increase your cancer risk as well. Avoid exposure
and get immunizations, if applicable, to protect yourself.
 Menopausal hormone replacement has been associated with an increased risk
for certain cancers, females should discuss the risks and benefits with their
healthcare provider if considering treatment.
Screening Tests
 Cancer treatment is most successful when cancer is detected early, prior to the start
of symptoms.
 Cancer screening guidelines vary. Talk to your healthcare provider about current
recommendations.
 Screening tests include colonoscopy, mammograms, pap smears, blood test for PSA
(prostate screening antigen) and manual prostate exam.
 Self-exams can be done on the breasts, testicles and skin.
Signs and Symptoms of Cancer
 Cancer can cause almost any sign or symptom, depending on where it is
located, how large the tumor is and how much it affects the organs or
tissues.
 Certain cancers may not cause symptoms until it has grown quite large.
 Many illnesses and medical problems have similar signs and symptoms
so it can be difficult to identify the root cause.
It is very important to make an appointment with your
healthcare professional if you have any persistent signs or
symptoms that concern you.
Generalized Symptoms
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Fatigue
Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin
Weight changes, including unintended loss or gain
Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness of the skin, sores that won't
heal, or changes to existing moles
Changes in bowel or bladder habits
Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating
Persistent, unexplained muscle or joint pain
Persistent, unexplained fevers or night sweats
Unexplained bleeding or bruising
Persistent cough or trouble breathing
Difficulty swallowing
Hoarseness
World Health Organization (WHO)
Diagnosis & Staging
Diagnosis
 Diagnosis is often a multistep process, once a sign or symptom is identified or something
suspicious is found on a screening test, the medical experts must determine if it is
cancer.
 A complete medical history and physical exam are often completed along with lab tests
and imaging procedures.
 After identifying a concern, a biopsy is most often needed to make an official diagnosis.
Staging
 Staging identifies the extent of the cancer, such as how large the tumor is and if it has
spread.
 It helps to tailor the treatment plan that is right for the individual and allows the medical
team to see if there are clinical trials that may be an option.
Treatment
 Each person and type of cancer may require a different treatment plan.
 Various factors such as an individual’s health status, site of cancer, staging, and how
early it was detected, will help determine the course of treatment.
 The goal of treatment is to eradicate cancer and prolong life.
 Some types of treatment include:
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Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Immunotherapy
Targeted therapy
Hormone therapy
Complimentary medical treatments
Cancer Support
Questions and concerns when diagnosed
 It is important to have open communication/discussions with
the healthcare team, experts say being well-informed may
lead to better outcomes.
 Recommendations for support groups and available resources
in the area are helpful for both the individual and caregivers.
 Knowing about your diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and
insurance coverage can help guide you through your journey,
help answer questions you may have, provide support and
help with coping.
Questions???
Resources
 American Cancer Society,
www.cancer.org
 National Cancer Institute,
http://www.cancer.gov/
 National Institutes of Health,
www.nih.gov
 Mayo Clinic,
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases conditions/cancer/basics/definition/con20032378
 World Health Organization,
http://www.who.int/en/
 World Cancer Research Fund
International, http://www.wcrf.org/
Photo Credits
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