Transcript World History - cloudfront.net

World History
Ancient Civilizations
Unit 1
Early Humans and Societies
Chapter 1
Uncovering the Past
Studying the Ancient World
Studying the Ancient World
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Lear the specialized vocabulary
Every field has its own vocabulary.
BC: Before Christ.
Larger date means earlier in time
AD: In the year of our Lord.
Larger dates mean later in time.
BCE: Before common era = BC.
CE: Common era=AD.
Circa: means about or around that
time
Understanding Centuries
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Ancient means quite old, from a long time ago.
A Century is a 100 years.
A Decade is 10 years.
An Age is a period of time with a single feature.
An Era is a period of time with multiple features.
The 1st century runs from year 1 to 99.
The 2nd century…. 100 to 199.
The 21st century… 2000 to 2099.
1492 AD occurred in the 15th century.
1000 BC is much older in time than 2000 AD.
156 BC is older in time than 4 BC.
Terminology
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History is the study of the past.
Historians study history.
They focus on past human events and activity.
Historians investigate the cause and effect of events.
Why did people adopt Christianity as its state religion?
How did Christianity alter the Roman empire?
A primary source is a record of an event by a witness
or participant. A photo of a wedding ceremony.
A secondary source is a record of an event by a non
participant or non-witness. A textbook or
encyclopedia.
Why Study History?
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To understand the world today.
To know oneself, one’s own past.
To know one’s nation, one’s national history.
To know others, their culture, beliefs and values.
To know the world, how it is shaped by the past.
Those who fail to study history are doomed to
repeat it.
Archaeology
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Archaeology is the study of the past based on
fossils and artifact remains.
A fossil is a part or impression of something
once alive. For example: foot print or bone.
An artifact is a created object used by humans.
For example: a tool, coin, weapon or jewelry.
Where fossils and artifacts are found reveals the
past. Why?
What fossils and artifacts are found together
reveals the past. Why?
Value of Legends
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Legends may be based on facts.
Legends may contain clues to the past.
Anthropology
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Anthropology is the study of mankind, society and
culture.
A society is a community (group) of people with a
shared culture.
Social structure is how a society is organized. For
example: family/clan, feudal manor, or royal nation.
Culture is the beliefs, customs and attitudes of a group
of people. It is transmitted from one generation to
another.
Values are ideas society cherishes and desires in its
members and communities.
Politics & Economics
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A political system is the method or framework
through which a society is governed. Example?
An economic system is the method of production
and exchange of goods and services, as well as
allocation of resources, in a society. Example?
What are artifacts of a political system?
What are artifacts of an economic system?
Rosetta Stone
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The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed
with a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt, in 196 BC
on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in
three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian
hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and
the lowest Ancient Greek. Because it presents
essentially the same text in all three scripts (with
some minor differences among them), it provided the
key to the modern understanding of Egyptian
hieroglyphs. Why three languages?
ART & ARCHITECTURE
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Both reveal a society’s technological level, belief
systems and aspirations. How?
Both are often used to express religious beliefs.
Both are used to reinforce political and economic
systems.
What could be learned from architecture? Walls?
Height?
What could be learned from private art? Public Art?
Clues to Beliefs & Systems
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Written sources: lectures, teachings, scrolls
Legal sources: laws, codes, court records
Art: statues, mosaics, reliefs, frescoes, vases
Architecture: temples, villas, palaces, roads
Updating
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New discoveries, artifacts and fossils, may
require a revision of our interpretation of the
past.
Examples: new ancient human bone found in US
Southwest; new Mesopotamian accounting
system unearthed; Trojan shipwrecks discovered
on African coast.
Other factors
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Societal Perspective
Political Correctness
Tendency for wealthy to leave historic record.
Personal/Political Opinion
Geography
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Geography is the study of the earth’s
physical and cultural features.
Physical geography is the study of the
earth’s land and features.
Physical geographers study landforms,
natural features of the earth’s surface.
Examples?
Climate is the pattern of weather
conditions in an area over a long period
of time. What is weather?
Climate, Landforms & Environment
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Climate affects plant & animal life.
(desert or tropics)
Climate affects landforms. (erosion)
Landforms affect climate. Often divide climates.
(coastal mountain ranges wet side & dry side)
An environment is all the living & non living
things that affect life in an area.
(Tree, glacier, man, car, iPod.)
Human Geography
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Human geography is the study of people
and inhabited places.
Human geographers are interested in
culture.
Human geographers study how man
interacts with his environment.
How the environment affects man.
I.e.: work, food, houses, religion, floods,
droughts, family size, disease.
Location
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Location is the exact position of
something on earth.
Location affects human development.
Geographers study the effect of
location on human populations.
Why do some succeed and others
fail?
Maps
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A map is a flat representation of an area.
(2 dimensions versus 3).
Maps have features depicting:
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Boundaries
Topography
Climate
Population
Roads
Physical (landforms and water)
Elevation
Region
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A region is an area with multiple features
that makes it distinct from surrounding
areas.
I.e.: desert, island, swamp, glacier.
Physical features often create the
boundaries of regions.
I.e.: mountain ranges, oceans, rivers.
Human features can define a region as
well. City, rural farms, language.
Geography & History
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One can learn about ancient people
by studying the geography they
experienced.
Geography affects resources.
Geography shapes culture.
Geography influences history.
Resources
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Resources are materials found in the
earth that people need or value.
Resources are critical to human survival.
I.e.: food, water, shelter, fertile land.
Why would water, animals, land and
stones be critical resources for early
man?
Why would iron, copper or gold become
valued?
Culture
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Geography influenced Early man’s
culture.
The cultures of Egypt and Mesopotamia
differ. Why?
River Fishing, boats, hooks.
Forest Wooden structures, dear, boar.
Desert Mud houses, insects, nomadic.
Civilization begins along rivers. Why?
History
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Geography influences the development of
societies.
Resource rich societies could afford;
• Armies
• High Walls
• Lavish Cities
• Religious Temples
• Trading networks
Negative Effects
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Geography can retard the growth of a
society.
Floods, earthquakes, fires, tornadoes.
Drought, storms.
Think again about the difference between
Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Human Populations
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People influence their environment.
People have planted millions of trees
and cut down millions.
People have altered the flow of rivers.
People have domesticated wildlife.
Built canals. Built dams. Built roads.
Geography is Destiny
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Based on what you have read and
what we have studied and what you
know, write a one page explanation
about how “Geography is Destiny.”
Chapter 2
The Stone Age & Early Cultures
Prehistoric Man
The First People
The Tool Makers
Timeline
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5 million years ago: Australopithecus
3 million years ago: First Stone Tools.
500,000 years ago: Hominids populate
Europe.
200,000 years ago: Modern Man in Africa
11,000 years ago: Modern Man on 6
continents.
10,000 years ago: Agriculture
5,000 years ago: Writing
Prehistory
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Humans have existed over a million years but writing
was invented 5000 years ago.
The time before writing is prehistory. Why?
Prehistory relies on archaeologists and anthropologists.
In 1959 Mary Leakey discovered hominid bones over
1.5 million years old in East Africa.
Hominids are believed to be early ancestors of humans.
The Leakey’s hominid was an Australopithecus.
In 1974, Johansson discovered “Lucy” a small biped
hominid that lived 3 million years ago.
In 1994, White discovered hominid remains that lived
4.4 million years ago.
Hominids & Early Man
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Australopithecus (Southern Ape) lived 5 million years
ago. Stood upright and was a biped.
He had a brain 1/3 the size of humans.
Louis Leakey discovered Homo Habilis (Handy Man).
HH lived on earth 2.4 million years ago.
HH used early stone tools (chopping & scraping)
He had a brain half the size of humans.
Homo Erectus (Upright Man) lived 1.5 million years
ago. Controlled fire. Used hand axes/tools.
HE migrated out of Africa into Asia & Europe.
What are the benefits of controlling fire?
What are the benefits of walking upright?
Homo Sapiens
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Homo Sapien means “Wise Man”. They are
believed to have appeared in Africa 200,000
years ago. They migrated around the world.
They are believed to be the same species as
modern man.
They could create fire. They had a wide variety
of tools.
They had language.
The Stone Age
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The Stone Age is divided into 3 eras: Paleolithic,
Mesolithic and Neolithic.
A tool is any hand held object modified to assist
in a human task.
During the Paleolithic (up to 10,000 years ago)
hominids used stone tools. The oldest tools found
in Tanzania, Africa are 2.6 million years old.
These tools were used to process (chop, scrape,
cut) food (roots, berries, meat). These tools are
called “choppers.”
Hominids used these tools for 2 million years.
Hand Axe
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Over time tools improved. Flint was used. Flint is
easy to work and very sharp.
Hand axes were used to chop tree limbs, dig in
the ground and cut animal hides.
Later wooden handles were attached to hand
axes. Now hominids had spears. Hunting
improved.
Hominids hunted deer, horses, bison and
mammoths.
Hunter Gatherer Societies
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Society is a group/community of people with a
shared culture (language, religion & art).
Early societies were nomadic and took shelter in
caves.
Paleolithic hominids were hunter gatherers. They
hunted animals and gathered roots, berries,
fruits, nuts and seeds.
Anthropologists believed men hunted in groups.
Women gathered food and cared for children.
They controlled fire but could not create
it…someone had to watch and tend the fire.
Language, Art & Religion
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The development of language was the most important
step in man’s evolution.
Language made hunting more efficient, fostered
relationships and helped resolve conflict and resource
distribution.
Early art included carvings of human and animal figures
in stone, ivory and bone. Hominids painted on cave
walls. Mostly they painted hunting scenes.
Hominids created graves and left food and artifacts in
them with human remains. This is considered evidence
of early religion.
Otzi, the Iceman
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Lived 5,300 years ago in the Italian Alps.
He froze to death and was preserved by glaciers.
He was wounded by an arrowhead. Murder?
He is the oldest mummified human.
He wore 3 types of animal skin stitched together.
He wore leather shoes with grass padding/lining.
He had a woven grass cape and a fur hat.
He had a primitive “backpack” and a hand axe
with a copper blade. Also, he had a bow and
arrows.
Early Human Migration
Climate Change Drove Migration
The Ice Ages
The Ice Ages
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Climate change led to a hominid exodus from Africa.
From 1.6 million years ago to 10,000 years ago the
earth was freezing cold.
Sheets of ice covered most of the earth. The sea level
was much lower than today.
A land bridge connected Asia to North America. This
allowed hominids to migrate throughout the world.
This migration took 100,000’s years. 2,000,000 years
ago hominids reached Asia. From Asia they slowly
spread into SE Asia and Europe.
Human Migration
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Early hominids died out and humans began to migrate.
100,000 years ago humans migrated into S Africa &
SW Asia and then later to Australia.
From SW Asia humans migrated into Europe.
High mountains and severe cold slowed migration into
N Asia. Eventually humans migrated from Asia into N
America and then migrated south into S America.
This world wide migration was completed by about
9,000 BC.
What do you think the humans were following?
Humans adapt to the Ice Age
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Adapt or perish. Fire helped to alleviate the cold.
Humans learned to stitch animal skins together.
They took shelter in caves. If there were no
caves they built shelters.
Pit houses were the first shelters. These are pits
in the ground with roofs of branches and leaves.
The first above ground houses were tents made
of animal skins.
Later more permanent structures of wood, stone
or clay were built.
Some built structures using huge mammoth
bones.
Mesolithic Era
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Began 10,000 years ago and ended 5,000 years
ago. Known as the middle stone age.
This era was marked by smaller more complex
tools adapted to the humans new environment.
Humans living near water created hooks and
fishing spears. Others invented the bow and
arrow.
The canoe (hollowed out log) was developed. This
allowed humans to travel on rivers and lakes.
Pottery was developed. Dogs were domesticated.
Dogs helped with hunting and protection.
How is pottery helpful?
Neolithic Era
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The New Stone Age began 10,000 years ago in
SW Asia, later in other areas. This age ended
5,000 years ago in Egypt and SW Asia.
The Neolithic could create fire.
They made stone saws and drills. (tools)
They domesticated plants and animals.
The advent of metal tools marked the end of the
stone age. Metal tools occurred first in Egypt and
SW Asia.
Agriculture
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At the end of the ice ages the earth warmed.
New plants appeared. (barley & wheat in SW Asia.)
Humans settled where new plants appeared.
Human diet incorporated these new plants.
Eventually humans realized they could plant seeds.
The shift from gathering food to planting it is the
Neolithic Revolution. It began in SW Asia.
Slowly domestication developed.
Domestication involves selecting plants & animals
for certain traits. (Sweetness or size)
Farming Alters Evolution
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Domestication led to agriculture (farming).
Humans produced their own food.
It is easier to raise animals than to hunt them.
Domestic animals produce meat, milk, hides, bone.
Large animals could carry heavy loads.
Domestication led to greater human survival.
Survival allowed humans to focus on more activities.
Plant domestication led to fibers being used for cloth.
Animal domestication led to skins, hides & wool for
clothes.
Permanent Settlements
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Domestication & Agriculture required humans to
settle in one place. Villages developed.
As food became reliable human population grew.
Cata Huyuk (Turkey) is an example of an early
Neolithic village.
CH existed 8,000 years ago and housed 6,000
people. There were about 1,000 homes.
The inhabitants farmed, hunted, fished, traded
and worshipped (gods).
Megaliths (huge stones) were erected at religious
shrines or sites. This is evidence of religion.
Early Religion
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Early humans believed in gods associated with
the four elements: air, water, earth & fire or gods
associated with animals.
Some worshipped a thunder god; others
worshipped bulls.
It is believed prehistoric man had ancestral
worship and prayed to their ancestors.
Ancestral worship continues to this day in Asia.
UNIT 1
ENDS HERE!
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