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• Dependency Theory
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Development theory - Dependency theory
Contrary to modernization theory,
dependency theory states that not all
societies progress through similar Dualsector model|stages of development
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Development theory - Dependency theory
Dependency theory states that poor
nations provide natural resources and
cheap Wage labour|labor for developed
nations, without which the developed
nations could not have the standard of
living which they enjoy
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Development theory - Dependency theory
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In addition to its structuralist roots,
dependency theory has much overlap
with Neo-Marxism and World Systems
Theory, which is also reflected in the
work of Immanuel Wallerstein, a
famous dependency theorist
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World-systems theory - Dependency theory
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Second, core states do not exploit poor
states—as dependency theory
proposes—because capitalism is
organized around an inter-regional and
transnational division of labor rather
than an international division of labor
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World-systems theory - Dependency theory
From a largely Weberian perspective,
Fernando Henrique Cardoso described the
main tenets of dependency theory as
follows:
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Marxist international relations theory - Dependency theory
Linked in with Marxist theories is
dependency theory which argues that
developed countries, in their pursuit of
power, penetrate developing states
through political advisors, missionaries,
experts and multi-national corporations
(MNCs) to integrate them into the capitalist
system in order to appropriate natural
resources and foster dependence by
developing countries on developed
countries.
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Dependency theory
'Dependency theory' is the notion that
resources flow from a periphery of poor
and underdeveloped states to a core of
wealthy states, enriching the latter at the
expense of the former. It is a central
contention of dependency theory that poor
states are impoverished and rich ones
enriched by the way poor states are
integrated into the world system.
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Dependency theory
Dependency theory rejected this view,
arguing that underdeveloped countries are
not merely primitive versions of developed
countries, but have unique features and
structuralism|structures of their own; and,
importantly, are in the situation of being the
weaker members in a world market
economy.Newschool,
[http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/schools/
develop.htm Economic Development],
retrieved July 2009.
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Dependency theory - History
Matias Vernengo, a University of Utah
economist, identifies two main streams in
dependency theory: the Latin American
Structuralist, typified by the work of
Prebisch, Celso Furtado and Anibal Pinto
at the United Nations Economic
Commission for Latin America and the
Caribbean|United Nations Economic
Commission for Latin America (ECLAC,
or, in Spanish, CEPAL); and the American
Marxist, developed by Paul A
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Dependency theory - History
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Former Brazilian President Fernando
Henrique Cardoso (in office 1995-2002)
wrote extensively on dependency
theory while in political exile during
the 1960s, arguing that it was an
approach to studying the economic
disparities between the centre and
periphery
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Dependency theory - History
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With the economic growth of India and
some East Asian economies,
dependency theory has lost some of its
former influence. It still influences
some NGO campaigns, such as Make
Poverty History and the fair trade
movement.
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Dependency theory - Other dependency theorists
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Two other early writers relevant to dependency
theory were François Perroux and Kurt Rothschild
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Dependency theory - Other dependency theorists
Sociologist Fernando Henrique
Cardoso (later President of Brazil)
summarized his version of
dependency theory as follows:
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Neocolonialism - Dependency theory
Proponents of Dependency Theory,
such as Venezuelan historian Federico
Brito Figueroa, who has investigated
the socio-economic bases of neocolonial dependency, have influenced
the thinking of the former President of
Venezuela, Hugo Chávez.
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Anthropology of development - Dependency theory
Dependency theory rejected Rostow's
view, arguing that underdeveloped
countries are not merely primitive versions
of developed countries, but have unique
features and structuralism|structures of
their own; and, importantly, are in the
situation of being the weaker members in
a world market economy and hence
unable to change the system
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Anthropology of development - Dependency theory
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Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems theory
was the version of Dependency theory that
most North American anthropologists
engaged with. His theories are similar to
Dependency theory, although he placed more
emphasis on the system as system, and
focused on the developments of the core
rather than periphery. Wallerstein also
provided an historical account of the
development of capitalism which had been
missing from Dependency theory.
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Political economy in anthropology - World-systems theory Dependency theory
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Both versions of Dependency Theory were
critiqued throughout the 1970s for the
static historical accounts they provided.
Their influence was slowly replaced by
more dynamic and historically sensitive
versions, such as Eric Wolf's Europe and
the People Without History.
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Capital mobility - Dependency theory
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Free trade has been accused of being a
disguised form of colonialism or
imperialism, particularly by proponents of
economic nationalism and the school of
mercantilism. In the 19th century these
largely took the form of attacks on British
calls for free trade, seeing these as
expansion of the British Empire. Since the
1950s these attacks fall under the rubric of
dependency theory.
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Raúl Prebisch - Dependency theory
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During the 1960s, economists at United
Nations Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean|ECLA
developed an extension of Prebisch's
thoughts on structuralism into
dependency theory, in which economic
development of the periphery is seen as a
nearly impossible task. While
dependency theory was the polar
opposite of Prebisch and the ECLAC's
original purpose, he continued to criticize
the Economic growth|neo-classical
economic forces that he felt were
victimizing the global poor.
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Uses and gratifications theory - Media system dependency theory
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However, media dependency theory
focuses on audiences' goals for media
consumption as the source of their
dependency; while uses and
gratification theory focuses on
audience's needs as drivers for media
consumption
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Media systems dependency theory
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'Media system dependency theory'
('MSD'), or simply 'media
dependency', was developed by
Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin
Defleur in 1976
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Media systems dependency theory - Two basic conditions for heightened media needs
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Media dependency theory states two
specific conditions under which
people's media needs, and
consequently people's dependency on
media and the potential for media
effects, are heightened.
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Media systems dependency theory - Criticisms
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Baran and Davis identify
four primary criticisms of
dependency theory:
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