Transcript Equity from the Start and Transition to Society and School

Second Inter-American Symposium: Policies and Strategies for the
Child’s Successful Transition towards Socialization and School
Valparaiso, Chile
Equity From the Start and Transition
to Society and School
By J. Fraser Mustard
The Founders’ Network
Founding Chairman
Council for Early Child Development
May 27, 2009
PRESENTATION
Biological embedding, health, and literacy.
Developmental neurobiology.
Evidence about early child development
programs.
Country Studies – Cuba, Brazil, Mexico - CENDI,
Sweden.
Summary
09-030
Early Development and
Biological Embedding
Biological embedding occurs when:
Experience gets under the skin and alters human
biodevelopment.
Systematic differences in experience in different
social environments lead to different
biodevelopmental states.
The differences are stable and long-term; they
influence health, well-being, learning, and/or
behaviour over the life course.
Hertzman
04-147
Developed Countries
Life Expectancy & Literacy
Life Expectancy at Birth
80
78
76
74
72
70
0
Adult Literacy
20
40
60
Percent at Levels 1 and 2
80
100
OECD
09-040
Equity from the Start
“Many challenges in adult society
have their roots in the early years
of life, including major public health
problems such as obesity, heart
disease, and mental health
problems. Experiences in early
childhood are also related to
criminality, problems in literacy and
numeracy, and economic
participation.”
WHO, 2008
03-080
Experience-Based Brain Development in
the early years of life sets neurological
and biological pathways that affect
throughout life:
Health
Learning (literacy)
Behaviour
Health, UNICEF 2000
Reading Grade 6 (UNESCO 2008) and
09-041
School Success Rank (Save the Children 2009)
Cuba
Chile
Costa Rica
Mexico
Peru
Neonatal
Mortality
% Level 4
Reading
Grade 6
4
5
8
11
11
51
29
35
24
9
Reading Levels: 1 (Low); 4 (High) UNESCO
School
Success
Rank
1
4
29
29
27
Health, UNICEF 2000
Reading Grade 6 (UNESCO 2008) and
09-042
School Success Rank (Save the Children 2009)
Colombia
Ecuador
Brazil
Guatemala
Neonatal
Mortality
% Level 4
Reading
Grade 6
13
13
13
19
18
6
22
5
Reading Levels: 1 (Low); 4 (High) UNESCO
School
Success
Rank
19
20
50
66
09-033
1958 Birth Cohort
Birthweight and Math Test Score
0.2
Test Score
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
<2.5
2.5-3.0
3.01-3.5
Birthweight (kg)
3.51-4.0
>4.0
Jefferis et al. 2002
09-044
Low Birthweight and
Reading Performance
% Infants
Low BW
Cuba
Chile
Costa Rica
Mexico
Brazil
Colombia
5
6
7
8
8
9
% Level 4
Reading
Grade 6
51
29
35
24
22
18
Reading Levels: 1 (Low); 4 (High) UNESCO
UNESCO 2008
09-034
The epidemiologic observations
that smaller size or relative
thinness at birth and during
infancy is associated with
increased rates of coronary heart
disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes
mellitus, adiposity, the metabolic
syndrome, and osteoporosis in
adult life have been extensively
replicated.
Gluckman et al. 2008
Developmental
Neurobiology
03-080
Experience-Based Brain development in
the early years of life sets neurological
and biological pathways that affect
throughout life:
Health
Learning (literacy)
Behaviour
08-039
You are the cells in your brain
You are your brain.
BUT
Your brain is not just produced by your
genes.
The cells in your brain are sculpted by
a lifetime of experiences. The most
important time in brain development is
in utero and the first few years of life.
Kolb, U Lethbridge
08-026
What is experience?
The stimuli that you encounter both
pre- and post-natally as well as in
adolescence and adulthood
differentiate neuron function.
Examples: sound, touch, vision, smell,
food, thoughts, drugs, injury, disease
etc.
Kolb, U Lethbridge
04-039
Two Neurons
Axon
RECIPIENT
NEURON
Synapse
SIGNALSENDING
NEURON
Dendrite
08-081
All the neurons have the same DNA.
How do they differentiate for their
diverse functions?
07-169
Environment Affects Gene Function
(genotype versus phenotype)
Epigenetics Methylation affects normal
gene function
MicroRNAs affect gene
messenger RNA (mRNA)
expression
Does Experience have the Same Effects on
Brain Development at Different Times in
Life?
08-029
No !
There are qualitative differences at
different stages of life.
There is something fundamentally
different prenatally vs infancy vs
juvenile vs adult.
One difference is gene expression
Kolb, U Lethbridge
(genotype vs phenotype).
07-123
Brain Pathways
“Higher levels of brain circuits depend on
precise, reliable information from lower
levels in order to accomplish their
function.
Sensitive periods for lower level circuits
ends early in life.
High level circuits remain open for a
longer period.”
Knudsen 2004
The Brain –
Literacy and Health
01-003
Human Brain Development –
Language and Cognition
Language
Sensing
Pathways
(vision, hearing)
-6
-3
3
0
Months
6
9
Higher
Cognitive Function
1
4
8
12
Years
16
AGE
C. Nelson, in From Neurons to Neighborhoods, 2000.
04-200
Early Child Development and Language
Starts early – first 7 months
Sets capability for mastering
multiple languages
Sets literacy and language trajectory
02-001
Vocabulary Growth – First 3 Years
Word Exposure
Vocabulary
1200
High
Middle
600
Low
0
12
16
20 24
28 32 36
B. Hart & T. Risley, Meaningful Differences in Everyday
Age - Months Experiences of Young American Children, 1995
05-212
Limbic Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA)
Pathway - Stress
Cortisol – Over Production
Behaviour, depression, diabetes, malnutrition,
cardiovascular disease, memory, immune
system, drug and alcohol addiction
Cortisol – Under Production
Chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, immune
system (autoimmune disorders) rheumatoid
arthritis, allergies, asthma
05-213
Limbic HPA Pathway and Sensory
Experience in Early Life
Touch and other experiences in
the early period are critical
Rats – Mothers licking pups
Epigenetic effect on
hippocampus
Monkeys – Peer vs mother rearing
Humans - Attachment
Serotonin Transporter Gene
Experience
in
Early
Life
Depression
03-089
Age 26
Depression
Risk
.70
S = Short Allele
L = Long Allele
SS
.50
SL
.30
LL
No Abuse
Moderate Abuse Severe Abuse
Early Childhood
A. Caspi, Science, 18 July 2003, Vol 301.
04-006
Early Child Development (ECD)
Swedish Longitudinal Study and Adult Health
Number of Adverse ECD Circumstances*
0
Adult Health
1
2
3
4
Odds - Ratios
General Physical
1
1.39
1.54
2.08
2.66
Circulatory
1
1.56
1.53
2.91
7.76
Mental
1
1.78
2.05
3.76 10.27
* Economic, family size, broken family and family dissention
Lundberg, Soc. Sci. Med, Vol. 36, No. 8, 1993
05-178
Literacy Levels for the Population
Ages 16 to 65 – USA
35
Prose
30
Document
25
Quantitative
20
15
10
5
0
1
Low
2
3
Level
4
5
High NALS, p. 17, 2002
05-173
Literacy Levels (Quantitative) and Physical,
Mental or Other Health Conditions – USA
60
Health Problems
50
Mental or Emotional
Problems
40
Long-term Illness
30
20
10
0
1
Low
2
3
Level
4
5
HighNALS, p. 44, 2002
03-116
THE EVIDENCE
ABOUT EARLY
CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMS
93-040
Mental Development of Undersized Children
(Low Height for Age) : The Jamaican Study
110
children of
normal height
105
development
quotient
stimulation &
supplement
stimulation
100
supplement
95
control
90
baseline 6 mo
12 mo
18 mo 24 mo
Grantham-McGregor
08-031
A “Natural” Experiment:
Romanian Orphan Adoption
Children adopted into middle class homes
after 8 months in the orphanages show at
11 years in contrast to children adopted
early:
1. Abnormal brain development (small brain,
low metabolic activity, abnormal EEG)
2. Social and cognitive problems (IQ loss)
3. High vulnerability to behavioural problems
(ADHD, aggression, quasi-autism)
Kolb, U Lethbridge
09-009
Bucharest Early Intervention Project
The children who were
youngest when placed in
foster care are approaching
normal, a recovery that sadly
does not seem to be occurring
in children first placed in
foster care well after the age
of 2.
C. Nelson, The Bucharest Early Intervention Project
04-153
Abecedarian Study – Reading
Effect Size
1.2
Special
Primary
Grades
Preschool
(4 mths to
School)
Preschool &
Special
Primary Grades
0.8
0.4
0
Age 8
Age 12
Age 15
Age at Testing
Age 21
Campbell & Ramey, 2002
Competence at Age 14 – New Zealand
Highest Income Quartile
Lowest Income Quartile
Above Median at Age 14
Below Median at Age 14
Mathematics
83
92
Reading
76
83
First tested age 5
NZ Council for Educational Research
06-076
Ludwig and Sawhill –
Early Child Development
Intervene:
Early,
Often, and
Effectively
Brookings Institution, 2006
CUBA
00-042
Sociocultural
Gradients for
Language
Scores
By Country
360
Cuba
320
Chile
280
Argentina
Brazil
Colombia
240
Mexico
200
1
4
8
12
Parents' Education (Years)
Willms & Somers, 2000
16
05-066
Grade 3 Language Scores
Argentina _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Brazil _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Chile _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Cuba _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Mexico _ _ _ _ _ _ _
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
UNESCO, 1998
Evolution of Human Development Programs in Cuba
Educate Your Child
Revolution
1961
Role of Family
Doctors
1970
1980
Polyclinics
1989 1992
1998
2003
2006
UNESCO studies (3rd Grade)
Number of Standard Deviations Cuban children
score above the region mean
First Study (1998)
Second Study
(2008)
Mathematics
2 SDs
1 SD
Language
2 SDs
1 SD
UNESCO (1998); UNESCO (2008)
Community Polyclinics
Birth to Age 6
Disease surveillance
Services provided by
Community Polyclinics
Developmental Health
(pre and post natal)
Prenatal and post natal
care
Nutritional support
Child (Care) Stimulation
(Puericultura)
Cuba’s ECD Program
Health: Maintain the involvement of the
polyclinics and the number of home visits –
(pre-natal and post-natal).
Education and Working teams: achieve
greater stability in the participation of early
childhood educators, promoters, facilitators
from health and education, multisector
organizations, and coordinating groups.
Impact Evaluation: Adjust the program based
on evaluation processes.
09-048
rd
3
Language Scores,
Grade
City vs Rural
Country
Lowest Decile
City
Rural
Highest Decile
City
Rural
Cuba
Chile
Brazil
Mexico
309
230
223
210
416
323
325
317
297
206
209
189
410
305
283
287
UNESCO 2008
05-134
GDP & Grade 3 Language Scores
Country
GDP
Language
Score
Chile
9.930
351
Mexico
6.769
247
Colombia 6.347
242
Brazil
5.928
240
Cuba
3.100
236
UNESCO 1998
BRAZIL
Program Primeira Infancia Melhor
(Rio Grande do Sul)
Adapted from Cuba.
Operated by the State Secretariat of
Health. It is supported by UNESCO
Serves 60,000 vulnerable and socially atrisk children between the ages of 0 and 6
years of age. It also serves pregnant
women.
08-137
Brazil – Rio Grande do Sul
(60,000 children)
Test
Children
% at Development Standard
Start
2 Yrs Later
Cognitive
377
37
78
Language
387
71
79
Motor
386
50
80
Social
416
69
86
Primeira Infancia Melhor
08-168
CENDI – Monterrey, Mexico
An adaptation of Cuba’s early child
development program (education and
health)
08-169
EDI
Non Cognitive and Cognitive
Development – age 5
EDI is a macro measure of
development at age 5 years
03-085
Early Development Instrument (EDI)
Physical health, activity, and well-being
Social knowledge and competence
Emotional health/maturity
Language and cognitive development
Communication skills and general
knowledge
08-129
EDI Vulnerable Children
Score in the bottom 10% of any of
the five assessments.
08-138
EDI - CENDI – Monterrey
(based on Cuban program)
No. Children
% Vulnerable
CENDI
341
18.2
Informal Care
789
38.0
08-046
EDI – Canada and
CENDI - Monterrey, Mexico
% Low on
One Domain
CENDI
(Monterrey)
Canadian
Sample
% Low on
Two Domains
18.5%
3.8%
25.9%
12.9%
Sweden
Socioeconomic Gradients for Adult
Document Literacy Scores (16 to 65)
06-114
Mean Scores
350
310
Intern’l Mean
U.S.
270
Canada
Australia
230
Sweden
Finland
190
Chile
0
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
Parents’ Education (years)
17
19
OECD, 2000
Developed Countries
Early Child Development Report Card
09-024
Benchmark
% In Preschool (3-4yrs)
BEST IN CLASS (5 countries)
Sweden
10
84
Denmark
8
94
AVERAGE EFFORT (12 countries)
New Zealand
6
91
United Kingdom
5
90
FALLING BEHIND (7 countries)
Mexico
3
53
United States
3
48
Canada
1
< 25
Save the Children 2009
09-035
Public Expenditure
Families with Children under 15
% GDP/capita
Sweden
Denmark
Finland
U.K.
Canada
USA
22.9
19.4
18.0
11.8
3.41
2.43
J. Lynch, 2006
09-047
Sweden
Integrated ECD program.
Begins year 1.
Integrated with community and
school system.
ENROLMENT IN ECD PROGRAMS
100
90
80
70
60
Finland
Sweden
Cuba
Brazil
50
40
30
20
10
0
Age 0-1 Age 1-2 Age 2-3 Age 3-4 Age 4-5
Sources: OMEP (2005), OECD (2006), UNESCO 2007, World Bank 2001
04-230
Early Child Development
and Parenting Centres
Available from pregnancy to school entry
Provide support for parents including non
parental care and paid parental leave
Provide home visits
Learning parenting by doing
Integrated with primary schools,
communities, and health care
08-066
Integration of Child Development
Programs with Health and Education
Sweden
Cuba
South Australia (Australia)
Victoria (Australia)
01-050
The principle of free education for
school-age children is already entrenched
throughout the rich world; there would be
nothing incongruous about extending it
further down the age range.
The Economist, pg 16, July 18, 1998
World Health Organization
Michael Marmot
Inequalities in Health and
Development
Closing the Gap in a Generation
WHO, August 2008
Chapter 5 – Equity From the Start
Science of Early Child Development
“The science of ECD shows that
brain development is highly
sensitive to external influences in
early childhood starting in utero with
life long effects.”
WHO, 2008
Recommendation 5.2
The Commission recommends that:
Governments build universal
coverage of a comprehensive
package of quality early child
development programmes and
services for children, mothers, and
other caregivers, regardless of ability
to pay.
WHO, August 2008
Children’s Transition to Society and
School
06-018
In today’s world early child development
will determine the quality of populations
and the stability and prosperity of
countries.
We know what should be done.
The problem is to secure, at all levels of
government, agreement and investment
in ECD to improve the quality of
populations a generation from now.
Information presented here can be
found in:
Early Human Development – Equity
from the Start – Latin America.
J.F. Mustard (in press).
Latin American Journal on Social
Sciences, Childhood and Youth
01-039
www.founders.net
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