Transcript DNA structure, function and metabolism. File

What Is Biotechnology?
Amrapali A. Akhare
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What Is Biotechnology?
 Using scientific methods with organisms to produce
new products or new forms of organisms
 Any technique that uses living organisms or
substances from those organisms to make or
modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or
to develop microorganisms for specific uses
 The application of biological organisms, systems or
processes to manufacturing and service industries
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Biotechnology ?

The integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology and
engineering sciences in order to achieve technological
(industrial) application capabilities of microorganism,
cultured tissue cells and part there of.

A technology using biological phenomena by copying
and manufacturing various kinds of useful substance.

The application of scientific and engineering
principles to the processing of materials by
biological-agents to provide goods and services.
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Biotechnology ?

The use of living organism and their component in
agriculture, food and other industrial processes

The use of microbial, animal and plant cells or
enzymes to synthesize, breakdown and transform
materials

The integration of natural sciences and organisms,
cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues to
product and services
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Recombinant DNA Technology?
 Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or
recombinant DNA technology
 Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes
from a location in one organism and either
 Transferring them to another organism
 Putting them back into the original organism in
different combinations
 GMO- genetically modified organisms.
 GEO- genetically enhanced organisms.
 With both, the natural genetic material of the organism
has been altered.
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History
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Stages of Biotechnology Development
 Ancient biotechnology
early history as related to food and shelter; Includes
domestication
 Classical biotechnology
built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food
production, and medicine
 Modern biotechnology
manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic
engineering
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TRADITIONAL PLANT
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Traditional/old biotechnology
The conventional techniques that have been used to
produce beer, wine, cheese, many other food
TRADITIONAL PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
 breeding
 tissue culture
 inter-specific hybridisation
 mapping phenotypic/biochemical markers
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New/modern biotechnology

New/modern biotechnology
All methods of genetic modification by recombinant DNA
and cell fusion techniques, together with the modern
development of traditional biotechnological process
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Areas of Biotechnology
 Organismic biotechnology
uses intact organisms; Does not alter
genetic material
 Molecular biotechnology
alters genetic makeup to achieve specific
goals
 Transgenic organism- an organism with
artificially altered genetic material
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What Subjects Are Involved
With Biotechnology?
 Multidisciplinary- involving a number
of disciplines that are coordinated for
a desired outcome
 Science
 Life sciences
 Physical sciences
 Social sciences
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What Subjects Are Involved
With Biotechnology?
 Mathematics
 Applied sciences
 Computer applications
 Engineering
 Agriculture
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Biotechnology:
A collection of technologies
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What is the career outlook in
biotechnology?
 Biotech in 1998
 1,300 companies in the US
 2/3 have less than 135 employees
 140,000 jobs
 Jobs will continue to increase exponentially
 Jobs are available to high school graduates
through PhD’s
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The Applications of Biotechnology

Medical Biotechnology
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Diagnostics
Therapeutics
Vaccines
Agricultural Biotechnology
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Plant agriculture
Animal agriculture
Food processing
Food products
Industry and manufacturing

Environmental Biotechnology
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Cleaning through bioremediation
Preventing environmental problems
Monitoring the environment
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Plant agriculture
 Crop production and protection
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Genetically engineered (transgenic) crops
Using biological methods to protect crops
Exploiting cooperative relationships in nature
 Nutritional value of crops
 Improving food quality and safety
 Healthier cooking oils by decreasing the concentration of
saturated fatty acids in vegetable oils
 Functional foods
Foods containing significant levels of biologically active
components that impart health benefits
Plant Biotechnology
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PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
a process to produce a genetically modified plant
by removing genetic information from an
organism, manipulating it in the laboratory and
then transferring it into a plant to change certain
of its characteristics .
Now use a molecular approach to manipulation:
 molecular markers & mapping
 gene cloning
 plant transformation
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pathogen-derived genes
Exogenous genes
(non-plant genes)
bacterial genes
any other organism
Pathogen resistance
Applications:
Herbicide resistance
 transgenic
bioreactors
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Delivery systems
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Endogenous genes
(Plant genes)
Enzymes in biochemical pathway
Natural resistance genes
Mapping
Gene discovery
(functional genomics)
ESTs, libraries
Silencing, expression
Mutants, arrays
Applications:
markers
transgenic
Marker assisted breeding
Plant improvement
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I.Plant Tissue Culture and Applications
A.Plant Tissue Culture
B.Micro-propagation
1.Somatic Embryos
2.Chemicals from Plants
C.Other Uses of Tissue Culture
1.Protoplast Fusion
2.Somaclonal Variation
3.Germplasm Storage
II.Plant Genetic Engineering
A.Plant Transformation
B.Transgenic Plant
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What Are Genetic Engineering
Organisms?
 Genetic engineering- artificially
changing the genetic information in
the cells of organisms
 Transgenic- an organism that has
been genetically modified
 GMO- a genetically modified organism
 GEO- a genetically enhanced
organism
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Why Change an organism?
 To get desirable traits
 Economic gain
 Increase production
 Disease resistance
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How Can Genetically
Engineered Plants Be Used?
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Agriculture
Horticulture
Forestry
Environment
Food Quality
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What Are Methods of Classical
Biotechnology?
 Plant breeding- improvement of
plants by breeding selected
individuals to achieve desired goals
 Cultivar- a cultivated crop variety
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What Are Methods of Classical
Biotechnology?
 Plant breeding methods;
 Line breeding- breeding successive
generations of plants among
themselves
 Crossbreeding- breeding plants of
different varieties or species
 Hybridization- breeding individuals
from two distinctly different varieties
 Selection
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Why Are Plants Genetically
Engineered?
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Resist pests
Resist herbicides
Improved product quality
Pharmaceuticals
Industrial products
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What Is Bioremediation?
Bioremediation- using
biological processes to solve
environmental problems
Biodegradation- natural
processes of microbes in
breaking down hydrocarbon
materials
Biodegradable- capable of
being decomposed by
microbes
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How Can Bioremediation Be
Used?
Oil spills
Wastewater treatment
Heavy metal removal
Chemical degradation
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What Is Phytoremediation?
Phytoremediation- process
of plants being used to
solve pollution problems
 Plants absorb and break
down pollutants
 Used with heavy metals,
pesticides, explosives, and
leachate
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What Is Composting?
 Composting- a process that
promotes biological
decomposition of organic matter
 Compost bin- a facility that
contains materials for
composting
 In-vessel composting- using
enclosed containers for
composting
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People in Biotech
Zacharias Janssen
Discovered the principle of
the compound microscope
in 1590
Dutch eye glass maker
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What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Discovered cells
 Developed single
lens microscope in
1670’s
 First to observe
tiny organisms and
document
observations
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Bacteria
Protists
Red blood
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What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Gregor Johan Mendel
Discovered genetics
Formulated basic laws of
heredity during mid 1800’s
Austrian Botanist and monk
Experimented with
peasStudied inheritance of
seven pairs of traits
Bred and crossbred thousands
of plants
Determined that some traits
were dominant and other
recessiveFindings were
published in 1866
Largely ignored for 34 years
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Anton V.L.
Work led to modern
microscopes
Electron microscope
developed in 1931 by
group of German
scientists
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What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Walter Sutton
 Discovered
Chromosomes
 Determined in
1903 that
chromosomes
carried units of
heredity identified
by Mendel
 Named “genes” in
1909 by Wilhelm
Johannsen,
Danish Botanist
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What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Thomas Hunt Morgan
 Discovered how genes
are transmitted through
chromosomes
 Studied genetics of fruit
flies
 Early 1900’s
 Experimented with eye
color
 His work contributed to
the knowledge of X and Y
chromosomes
 Nobel Peace Prize in
1933 for research in
gene theory
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What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Ernst Ruska
Invented the electron
microscope
 Build the first
electron
microscope in 1932
 German electrical
engineer
 Microscope offered
400X magnification
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What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Sir Alexander
Fleming
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Discovered penicillin in 1928
First antibiotic drug used in
treating human disease
Observed growth of molds
(Penicillium genus) in a dish
that also contracted bacteria
Bacteria close to the molds
were dead
Extracting and purifying the
molds took a decade of
research
Penicillin first used in
1941Penicillin credited with
saving many lives during WWII
when wounded soldiers
developed infections.
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What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Rosalind Elsie Franklin
 Research led to the
discovery of the double
helix structure of DNA
 Research in France and
England in mid 1900’s
 Her early research was
used to produce an
atomic bomb
 Set up X ray diffraction
lab
 Photographs of DNA
showed that it could
have a double helix
structureSome questions
surround the theft of her
work in 1952
Amrapali A. Akhare
 Including x ray
photographs
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What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?

James Watson and Francis Crick
 Collaborated to
produce the first
model of DNA
structure in 1953
 Described DNA
dimensions and
spacing of base pairs
 Had major impact on
genetic engineering
carried out today
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What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Mary-Claire King
 Mapped human genes for
research of cancer
treatments
 Research into nature of
DNA during late 1900’s
 Determined that 99% of
human DNA is identical
to chimpanzee
 1975 found similar gene
pools between humans
and chimpanzee made it
possible to research
hereditary causes of
breast cancer
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What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Ian Wilmut
 Created the first true
clone, the Dorset ewe
Dolly
 Cloning of a sheep
named Dolly in
1997
 Produced from
tissue of an adult
sheep
 Previous cloning
efforts had been
from early embryos
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Johan Friedrich Miescher
Swiss Biologist
Isolated nuclei of white
blood cells in 1869
Led to identification of
nucleic acid by Walter
Flemming
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Watson
Born in the US
Crick – born in England
Collaborative research at
Cambridge University in
England
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Norman E. Borlaug
 Developed wheat varieties
producing high yields
 Research in Mexico
 Semi dwarf varieties
 Developed wheat variety that
would grow in climates where
other varieties would not
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Borlaug
Nobel Peace Prize in 1971
Credited with helping
relieve widespread hunger
in some nations
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Products of Biotechnology
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Products of Biotechnology
 One of the first commercial
products of genetic
engineering was insulin
 E. coli bacteria was
genetically engineered to
produce insulin.
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Products of Biotechnology
 BST (Bovine Somatotropin)
 Increases milk production in dairy
cattle.
 BST became available
commercially as a result of genetic
engineering
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Animal Feed
Livestock such as cattle are
commonly fed genetically
engineered feed (corn,
grain)
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Products of Biotechnology
 Herbicide Resistant Crops
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Products of Biotechnology
 Biodiesel - diesel-equivalent,
processed fuel derived from biological
sources.
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Biotechnology in Animal Science
 used in determining the
sex and parents of
animals
 Artificial Insemination
allows us to control
genetic input of
offspring.
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Biotechnology in Animal Science
 Embryo Transfer – Allows for
cattle to have multiple calves
per year.
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Pharming
• Pharming is the
production of
pharmaceuticals in
animals engineered to
contain a foreign, drugproducing gene.
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Pharming
These goats contain the
human gene for a clotdissolving protein that
is produced in their
milk.
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Biotechnology in Animal Science
Cloning creates a genetically
identical copy of an animal or
plant.
 Plants are often cloned –
cuttings
 Human identical twins are also
clones.
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Regulations
 Prior to marketing products
from biotechnology, Companies
works with regulatory agencies
in the U.S. and many other
countries to assess the
products’:
 Safety
 Nutrition
 Agronomic performance.
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Ethics in Biotechnology
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Why Ethics in Biotechnology
 New technology.
 Plurality of moral convictions.
 Divergent economic, political, and social
objectives.
 Growing sensitivity of the public.
 Doubts of the public about internal control
mechanism of scientific institutions and the
scientific community to adequately consider
moral implications of research and its
consequences.
 Complexity of ethical issues involved.
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Bioethics
Bioethics: A discipline dealing with the ethical
implications of biological research and applications
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Ethics and Biotech
 Not everyone believes that
biotechnology is going to benefit
us in the future.
 Let nature be… not in God’s plan…
etc…
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Concerns
 Unexpected impact on
environment and to other
organisms
 Expanse of G.E organisms
 Safety of foods
 Lack of education
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Concerns
Some countries have
banned GMO’s and
others have turned
down food that has
been genetically
modified.
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Two Kinds of Ethical Arguments Used to
Evaluate Concerns Over Biotechnology
 Extrinsic objections say the possible
consequences of some biotech
applications are objectionable, but others
may be acceptable
GMOs are wrong because risks
outweigh benefits.
 Intrinsic objections say the process of
biotechnology is objectionable in itself
GMOs are wrong , no matter how
great the benefits.
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