Transcript 10/21

Millions of Hectares
Today: more Biotech
Th 10/23 Exam #2
Global area planted
with GM crops
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
Texas =
70 ha
RT and/or
PCR
Fig 18.1
Inserting a gene into a
bacterial plasmid
How do you know whether the gene you want
to express has the correct sequence?
DNA sequencing
• The structure of 2’,3’-dideoxynucleotides
Fig 18.14
Fig
18.15
The dideoxy
sequencing method
The dideoxy sequencing method
Fig
18.15
Gel produced by the
dideoxy sequencing
method
Fig 18.16
Computerized sequencers use a similar method
RT and/or
PCR
Fig 18.1
Inserting a gene into a
bacterial plasmid
…now enjoy
making
Frakencritters.
What is the largest scale experiment that
is being currently performed?
Genetically
Modified
Organisms
Human resource production and use
Worldwide Grain Production
per Person
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
World Grain Stocks as Days of Consumption
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
~60 percent of the world grain harvest is consumed as food,
~36 percent as feed, and ~3 percent as fuel. While the use of
grain for food and feed grows by roughly 1 percent per year,
that used for fuel is growing by over 20 percent per year.
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
Corn prices late 1999 - Dec 2007
Wheat prices
http://www.earthpolicy.org/Updates/2008/
Update69.htm
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
Increasing oil prices drive up potential profit,
and cost of food crops
Cost of oil----Profitable cost of corn for ethanol
$50 ---- $4/bushel
$100 ---- $7/bushel
$140 ---- $10/bushel
Summer 2008 corn price: ~$8/bushel
Current October 2008 corn price: ~$5/bushel
http://www.farmdoc.uiuc.edu/manage/newsletters/fefo07_11/fefo07_11.html
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
Whereas previous dramatic rises in world
grain prices were weather-induced, this one is
policy-induced and can be dealt with by policy
adjustments. If the entire U.S. grain harvest
were converted into ethanol, it would satisfy
scarcely 18 percent of our automotive fuel
needs.
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
Land use in USA, 1997
Artificial
Selection
(breeding)
HunterGatherer
Industrial
Agricultural
Modern cows were
bred from earlier
bovine species.
from Teosinte
Maize
By artificial selection that
began ~10,000 years ago.
Different foods
from one
species of plant.
Created by
artificial
selection.
Wild member of Brassica oleracea:
small side buds
Artificial selection
Number of Individuals
1. Select individuals
that have the largest
side buds and breed
them.
2. Of the offspring,
select individuals that
have the largest side
buds and breed them.
3. Of the offspring,
select individuals that
have the largest side
buds and breed them.
4. After several
generations, bud size
increases dramatically.
0
Brussels sprouts:
extremely large side buds
1
2
Size of buds (cm)
3
Agricultural
HunterGatherer
Industrial
increased
technology and
understanding of
molecular biology
Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA
Fig 18.1
Millions of Hectares
Global area planted with GM crops
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
Texas =
70 ha
Tbl 19.5
Why Change a Plant’s DNA?
• Can change plant so that it has new
or different characteristics
– Produce needed protein
– Insect resistance (Bt toxin)
– Herbicide resistance (Round-up)
– Drought or other stress resistance
% of Total US Acres
Common GM Crops in the U.S.
http://blog.wired
.com/wiredscien
ce/2007/09/mon
santo-ishap.html
Types of Genetically Modified Crops
Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance
% of Total US Acres
Common GM Crops in the U.S.
http://blog.wired
.com/wiredscien
ce/2007/09/mon
santo-ishap.html
Millions of Hectares
Is changing an organsisms DNA a good idea?
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
Texas =
70 ha
Is Changing an Organism’s DNA
a Good or Bad Idea?
• Genes flow within species and between
species.
• Are GM foods safe for the
environment?
• Are GM foods profitable for:
– Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?
Pollution in Gulf of
Mexico from run-off in
the Mississippi river
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (U ncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
AAL 25.17
Pollen is easily transferred from plant to plant,
and to related species.
Genetic information moves.
GM crops found
in Oaxaca and
other MX states
GM crops illegal
Genetic information moves,
and is self-replicating.
GM crops found
in Oaxaca and
other MX states
GM crops illegal
Many Questions, but Few
Answers?
• Are herbicide or insect resistant plants
safe to eat?
• Are GM foods safe for the
environment?
• Are GM foods profitable for:
– Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?
Types of Genetically Modified Crops
Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance
Patents give 20 year monopoly for
inventor
www.uspto.gov
Three types of U.S. patents:
1) Utility patents may be granted to anyone who
invents or discovers any new and useful process,
machine, article of manufacture, or composition of
matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof;
2) Design patents may be granted to anyone who
invents a new, original, and ornamental design for an
article of manufacture; and
3) Plant patents may be granted to anyone who
invents or discovers and asexually reproduces any
distinct and new variety of plant.
www.uspto.gov
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic
goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic
goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva
for use as anti-inflammatory
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic
goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva
for use as anti-inflammator
•GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding
human DNA for detecting risk of various
diseases
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic
goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva
for use as anti-inflammatory
•GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding
human DNA for detecting risk af various
diseases
•Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem
tree
Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps
flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a
pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its
twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they
say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood
pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of
other ailments.
Over 70 U.S. patents for use
of Indian neem tree
Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps
flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a
pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its
twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they
say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood
pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of
other ailments.
Over 70 U.S. patents for
use of Indian neem tree
One was rejected due to
previous use in indigenous
Indian culture
Concerns of developing nations vs.
industrialized countries
Bioprospecting
Lack of research on third world problems.
(tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, dysentery…
Not profitable.
Bioprospecting
Where does the information
about genetically modified foods
come from?
Millions of Hectares
Next class: Th 10/23 Exam #2 (bring cheat sheet)
Global area planted
with GM crops
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
Texas =
70 ha