Transcript DNA molecule

Human Body
Organization
Levels
1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organismic
Chemical Level
•Elements
•H
•C
•O
•Compounds
•NaCl
•KCl
•Ions
•Na+
•K+
•Cl•Ca++
•Mg++
•Molecules
•O2
•CO2
•C6H12O6
•Macromolecules
•Proteins
•amino acids
•Lipids
•fatty Acids
•Carbohydrates
•monosaccharides
•Nucleic Acids
•nucleotides
Cellular Level
Chromatin
Tissue Level
•Epithelial Tissue
•Connective Tissue
•Muscular Tissue
•Nervous Tissue
Organ
Level
Gastrointestinal Tract
1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small Intestine
6. Large Intestine
Accessory Structures
1. Teeth
2. Tongue
3. Salivary Glands
4. Liver
5. Gallbladder
6. Pancreas
Organ System Level
Organismic Level
Darwin sails around the world
and in South America is puzzled
by the absence of rabbits.
Instead he finds these rabbit-like
Patagonian Hares or Mara
(Dolichotis patagonum) that are
not rabbits but have similar
characteristics as rabbits.
He postulates that they must
have evolved just like rabbits
because of their similar
environments
Animal Cell
Chromatin
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
Bases/Base Pairs
Nucleotides
1.
2.
3. Nitrogenous Base
Base Pairs:
A–T
C–G
DNA
Organization
•Chromatin organized:
•DNA
•Histones
One Duplicated Chromosome
Human
Chromosomes
A Pair of Duplicated
Chromosomes
Autosomes
Sex
Chromosomes
46 individual chromosomes / 23 pairs of chromosomes
•they are the same - code for same type of trait
•they are different - code for different version of trait
Understanding the Numbers
•1 chromosome is 1 large DNA molecule
•a gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides
ATTCCGTAGCTGATCGTAAAGGG
•1000-2000 genes per chromosome
•~25,000 - 30,000 genes per human genome
DNA Functions
•Pass on Genetic Material
•Replication
•Mitosis
•Meiosis
•Protein Synthesis
•Transcription
•Translation
Mitosis
Replication
•Making an exact copy of DNA
•Occurs just prior to cell division
•Double helix unwinds
•DNA polymerase adds bases
•Two exact copies are made
Embryongenesis - Week 1
Blastocyst
Inner Cell Mass
(Embryonic Stem Cells)
Pluripotent Stem Cells
Embryogenesis
Week 2
Embryonic Germ Cell Layers:
•Endoderm
•Mesoderm
•Ectoderm
Multipotent Stem Cells
Cell Migration
Growth Cone
Radial Glia
•Act like scaffolding
to assist movement
of neurons during
development
Differentiation
Schizophrenia Abnormality
Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell Disorganization
Neurobehavioral Hypothesis
•Maternal/Fetal Evidence:
•extensive maternal bleeding
•prolonged labor
•delivery complications
•low birth weight
•low head circumference
•body length:body weight
•multiparity
•Anectodal Evidence
•Dutch births during WWII
•Season of birth effect
•higher for winter pregnancies
•parallel with virus exposure
Protein
Synthesis
•Transcription
•DNA to mRNA
•Translation
•mRNA to Protein
From
Gene to
Protein
DNA
RNA
Protein
Genetic
Code
Codons
three base code
Code for specific
amino acids
Point Mutation
Spontaneous Mutation
Environmental Insult
•Mutagenesis
•Carcinogenesis
Mutation is corrected
Point Mutation
Mutation is
not corrected
Mutation is
corrected
Sickle-Cell Anemia Mutation
Sickle-Cell Anemia Mutation
Two-Hit
Hypothesis
Born with 2 genes
or alleles for any
given disease:
•one from mom
•one from dad
If one is bad, this
increases your
chance of getting
the disease
Cancer in Women
Lung Cancer