Transcript chromosomes

CHROMOSOMES
Výukový materiál GE 02 - 47
Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková
Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller
Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů
Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005
Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR
2014
CHROMOSOMES
genetic information is concentrated
mainly in the nucleus on chromosomes
 number and shape are typical for each
biological species – see the table
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TABLE
CHROMOSOMES
eukaryotes are diploid organisms
 they have got 2 chromosome sets in the
nucleus of body cell
 one set comes from female sexual cell =
maternal origin
 the other set comes from male sexual cell =
paternal origin
 chromosome number in a set => symbol n
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CHROMOSOMES
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in the nucleus:
1) heterochromosomes – pair of sexual
chromosomes
2) autosomes => two and two fully identical –
homologous, pair chromosomes
chromosomes of one pair have the same shape,
size and the same genes
they may not have the same forms of expressing
genes– alleles
CHROMOSOMES
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genes are placed on chromosomes linearly behind
each other
each gene has its specific place = gene locus
CHROMOSOMES
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exact picture of
chromosomes in
nucleus of the
individual= karyotype
by all individuals of the
same species identical
declination determined
by the sex
CHROMOSOMES
CHROMOSOMES
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metaphasal chromosome is formed by:
two daughter chromatids
chromatids connected with e centromere
chromosomal arms
according to placing the centromere there are
described chromosomes:
metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric and
telocentric
CHROMOSOMES
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formation of karyotype is complicated
after blood collection of a sample > alteration
and cultivation in vitro dividing white blood cells
stop in metaphase when chromosomes are best
observable
then they are fixed, coloured and photographed
by analysis is to realize:
number and morphology of chromosomes
if the individual is not the bearer of mutation
DESCRIBE THE PICTURE
SOURCES
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CHALUPOVÁ-KARLOVSKÁ, Vlastimila. Obecná biologie: středoškolská
učebnice : evoluce, biologie buňky, genetika : s 558 řešenými testovými
otázkami. 2., opr. vyd. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 2010, 206 s.
ISBN 978-80-7182-282-0