Transcript Skeletal and Muscular.

Skeletal and Muscular.
Brittni Parrish.
Osteoporosis.
What is it?
• Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones over
time become fragile and are more prone to
breaking.
Signs and Symptoms.
• The only sign or symptom
of osteoporosis is the
breaking
of a
bone.
Causes.
• Our bodies build new bone and remove old bone. In
childhood, more bone is built than removed. After age
30 or 40, the cells that build new bone don’t keep up
with the ones that remove bone. The total amount of
bone then decreases, and osteoporosis may develop as
a result.
Treatment.
• Fortunately osteoporosis is treatable. Common treatments
are just lifestyle changes.
• Quit smoking, cut down alcohol intake, exercise, a lot of
calcium, and vitamin d.
• Medications that prevent
bone loss are also ways
to treat it.
No Treatment.
• If there’s no treatment or prevention, osteoporosis can
progress painlessly until a bone breaks. The spine, hip,
and wrist are more likely to break.
• Any bone can be affected, but of special concern are
fractures of the hip and spine. A hip fracture almost
always requires hospitalization and major surgery. It can
impair someone to where they can’t walk unassisted.
• Spinal or vertebral fractures also have serious
consequences, including loss of height, severe back pain,
and deformity.
Side Effects.
• Thoracic spine can be a victim of
compression fractures.
• Abdominal distention: Swelling of your
stomach.
• Your lower ribs will rest on iliac crests.
Review.
• Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones
become fragile and more prone to breaking.
• Prevent it by eating healthy, exercise, and stop
smoking.
• Also eat lost of calcium and vitamin d.
Muscular Dystrophy.
• What Is Muscular Dystrophy?
• Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a genetic disorder that
weakens the muscles that help the body move. People
have incorrect or missing information in their genes,
that prevents them from making the proteins they
need for healthy muscles. Because MD is genetic,
people are born with the problem; it's not contagious
and you can't catch it from someone who has it.
Causes.
• Muscular Dystrophy is an inherited disease with a
defective gene so there isn’t one certain cause. Each one
is cause by a genetic mutation and from deficiency of the
muscular protein dystrophin.
• MD weakens muscles over time, so children, teens, and
adults who have the disease can gradually lose the ability
to do the things, like walking or sitting up. Someone with
MD might start having muscle problems as a baby or their
symptoms might start later. Some people even develop
MD as adults.
X-linked recessive inheritance pattern with carrier mother
Women can pass down X-linked recessive disorders such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. A woman
who is a carrier of an X-linked recessive disorder has a 25 percent chance of having an unaffected son, a
25 percent chance of having an affected son, a 25 percent chance of having an unaffected daughter and a
25 percent chance of having a daughter who also is a carrier.
Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern
In an autosomal dominant disorder, the mutated gene is a dominant gene located on one of the
nonsex chromosomes (autosomes). You only need one mutated gene to be affected by this type of
disorder. A person with an autosomal dominant disorder — in this case, the father — has a 50
percent chance of having an affected child with one mutated gene (dominant gene) and a 50
percent chance of having an unaffected child with two normal genes (recessive genes).
Types.
•
•
•
•
•
Duchenne (due-shen) muscular dystrophy
Emery-Dreifuss (em-uh-ree dry-fuss) muscular dystrophy
Becker muscular dystrophy
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
Facioscapulohumeral (fa-she-o-skap-you-lo-hyoo-meh-rul)
muscular dystrophy
• Myotonic (my-uh-tah-nick) dystrophy
•
Congenital muscular dystrophy
Cure.
• Unfortunately there is no cure for MD, but doctors
and scientists are working to find one. Some
scientists are trying to fix the defective genes that
lead to MD so they will make the right proteins.
Others are trying to make chemicals that will act like
these proteins in the body. They hope that this will
help the muscles to work properly in people with
MD. Doctors are also trying to finding the best ways
to treat the symptoms of MD so that kids, teens, and
adults with the disease can live as comfortably as
possible.
What Can Help.
• Teens with MD can do some things to help their muscles.
Certain exercises and physical therapy can help them avoid
contractures (a stiffening of the muscles near the joints that
can make it harder to move and can lock the joints in painful
positions). Often, teens are fitted with special braces to ensure
flexible joints and tendons (the strong, rubber band-like tissues
that attach muscles to bones). Surgery is sometimes used to
reduce pain and increase movement from contractures.
• Because we rely on certain muscles to breathe, some teens
with MD need respiratory aids, such as a ventilator, to help
them breathe. Teens with MD also might need to be treated for
problems like scoliosis, which can be caused by weakened
muscles or muscles that are contracting or pulling too tightly.
Review.
• Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder that
weakens the muscles that help the body move.
• There is no cure for it yet but doctors are still
working.
• You can lose the ability to do certain things
like sitting up or even walking.
Bibliography.
• Clark, Alisa. "Muscular Dystrophy." (2007) 5 Feb 2009
<http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/bones/muscula
r_dystrophy.html>.
• "Osteoporosis: A debilitating disease that can be prevented and
treated.." Osteoporosis. (2008). National Osteoporosis
Foundation. 5 Feb 2009
<http://www.nof.org/osteoporosis/index.htm>.
• Shiel, William. "Osteoporosis." Osteoporosis (2009) 5 Feb
2009 <http://www.medicinenet.com/osteoporosis/article.htm>.