Transcript Anatomy of Plants

Anatomy of Plants
Chapter 4
Prokaryotes
• No membrane enclosed organelles
• Considered primitive
• Examples: Bacteria & Blue green algae
Eukaryotes
• Organelles bound with membranes
• Organelles such as: nucleus, mitochondria,
vacuoles etc.
• Examples: plant & animal
Cell Walls
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Made of hemicellulose
Protects the organelles
Give structure and support
Secondary cell walls are made up of
cellulose, pectic, suberin, cutin, and lignins
Plasma Membrane
• The lipid bilayer membrane surrounding
the cytoplasm
• Selective absorption
Protoplast
• Refers to the inside of the cell
• Cytoplasm:
– The fluid surrounded by plasma membrane
– Made up of proteins
– Suspends the organelles
Organelles
• Internal structures within the protoplast
Chloroplasts
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Responsible for photosynthesis
Contains pigments, chlorophyll
Solar energy is harvested
Made up of flattened discs called grana
Double membranes plastids
Mitochondria
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The manufacturing plant
Site of respiration
Involved in producing ATP, using oxygen
Double membrane surrounding it
Are capable of manufacturing their own
proteins.
Nucleus
• Control center of the cell
• Contains chromosomal DNA
• Double membrane which is porous to allow
material to pass in and out of the nucleus
Vacuoles
• 90% in mature cells
• Storage devices
• Water, Sugar, Salts, and toxic waste
Vacuoles
• 90% in mature cells
• Storage devices
• Water, Salts and toxic waste
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Site of protein synthesis
• Two types: Rough ER has ribosomes and
Smooth ER does not have ribosomes or
very few.
• Proteins produced by ribosomes are
passed through the ER membrane into the
ER lumen, where they are sealed in
vesicles for transport to the cell organelles.
Ribosomes
• Decodes DNA
• Contains RNA
Golgi Apparatus (Body)
• Membrane bound
• Packages energy(proteins, carbohydrates,
& hormones.)
• Delivers packaged energy to different parts
of the cell
Golgi Body
Tissues
• Meristems
– Apical – cell division
– Subapical – flower structures
– Intercalary – zones of maturation in monocots
– Lateral/cambial – form connective tissue,
bark(cork), xylem, phloem
Permanent Tissue
• Epidermis – single layer of exterior cells
• Parenchyma – thin cell walls & large vacuoles.
– Collenchyma, support function
– Sclerenchyma, they make plant fibers or gritty
cell like in pears
Complex Permanent Tissue
• Xylem -water
• Phloem – sugars, proteins, hormones,
dissolved minerals, and salts
Structure of Primary Root
Structure of Primary Stem
Structure of leaves
Cell
Division
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Sexual Propagation
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Mitosis
Meiosis
DNA
Chromosome
Gene
Diploid
Haploid
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Dominant
Recessive
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Phenotype
Genotype
Genetic Concepts in Plant
Improvement
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Chromosomes
Diploid 2n
Haploid 1n
Alfalfa-32, Barley14, Corn-20, Sugar
Beets-18
• Consists of DNA
• Changes in cell
division
A = Adenine, T = Thymine, G = Guanine, C = Cytosine
Summary
• Mitosis: is seen in cell growth
• Increases plant size
• Contains two sets of homologous
chromosomes 2N
• Meiosis: is seen in fertilization
• Referred to as reduction division
• The gametes one set of chromosomes 1N