Transcript 1. Water

1. Water
Water forms hydrogen bonds
between molecules, with the
force of attraction coming
between opposite poles
Due to its polar structure
when water freezes it traps
oxygen thus making it less
dense and able to float
O
H
H
Water is the universal
solvent, meaning that most
substances dissolve in it.
Water (H2O) is made of two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen
atom.
They are held together by polar
bonds which give a slight + and
– charge to opposite sides
1. When the cells of most organisms
freeze, they burst. Which property of
water causes this to occur?
• a. Water is a universal solvent
• b. Water changes temperatures rapidly
• c. Water is less dense as a solid than as a
liquid
• d. Water is a nonpolar molecule
Structure A
2. What characteristic of Part 1 of
Structure A gives it the ability to attract
water molecules?
a. acidity
b. conductivity
c. density
d. polarity
2. Macromolecules
Used in cellular
respiration
Used for Energy
Subunits:
Simple Sugars
Make up cell
membranes
Glucose created in
photosynthesis
Make up sugars
Steroids,
hormones, fats,
waxes
Carbohydrate
Subunits:
Fatty acids
Lipids
Four Basic
Macromolecules
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Subunits:
Nucleotides
Made of sugar,
phosphate group,
nitrogenous bases
Make up DNA &
RNA
Stores genetic info
Used to create
proteins
Adenine, Guanine,
& Cytosine on both
DNA and RNA
DNA: Thymine
RNA: Uracil
Make up enzymes
Subunits:
Amino Acids
Created in the
ribosomes
The major role of carbohydrates
in the human diet is to
a.
b.
c.
d.
form cell membranes
catalyze cellular reactions
supply energy for the body
provide building blocks for proteins
Which of these supply the main
energy source used in
cellular respiration?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lipids
amino acids
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
The cell wall of a plant helps the
plant cell maintain its shape.
What is the main structural
component of the cell wall of
a plant?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lipid
Cellulose
amino acid
nucleic acid
Which statement describes the
major role of lipids within a
cell?
a. They cause DNA to replicate
b. The move RNA in the cytoplasm
c. The catalyze chemical reactions in the cell
cytoplasm
d. The are the main structural components of
membranes
A dog gets many nutrients from
its food including amino acids.
Which of these can be built
directly using the amino acids
a.
b.
c.
d.
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
minerals
Which of these are the repeating
units that form a DNA
molecule?
a.
b.
c.
d.
fatty acids
Nucleotides
amino acids
chromosomes
Cardinals are birds that spend the winter
in Maryland. Many people feed them
sunflower seeds during the winter
months. Some of the carbohydrates in
the cardinal’s diet come from these
seeds. Describe:
- the building blocks of carbohydrates
- how the sunflower produce carbohydrates
- how carbohydrates are used by living
organisms
• +1 building block of carbs are sugars
• +1/2 identify photosynthesis as process
that produces carbs
• +1/2 identify that sunlight is trapped by
chloroplasts to get initial energy
• +1/2 oxygen and glucose (sugar) are the
waste products
• +1/2 living organisms use cellular
respiration to create energy
• +1/2 oxygen and glucose are broken down
to create ATP
• +1/2 ATP used as energy
3. Enzymes
Reactants  Products
Reaction
Enzymes:
• A molecule that increases the speed of a
biochemical reactions by lowering the
energy needed to start a reaction
Substrate
Enzyme
Active
Site
Environmental Effects on Enzyme Action
Temperature
pH
Amount of
Substrate
Amount of
Enzymes
What molecules control the
reaction rate of
photosynthesis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Sugars
Enzymes
Fatty acids
Nucleic acids
Which of these most affected in
the cells of goldfish when the
water temperature is
lowered?
a.
b.
c.
d.
enzyme activity
pH level
DNA base sequence
Salt concentration
The table below lists the enzymes that function
in different locations in the human body, and
the normal pH and temperature ranges of these
locations:
-
Location of Enzyme
Enzyme
pH Ranges of location
Temperature (Celsius) ranges
of location
Mouth
Salivary amylase
6.0-7.0
36.7-37.0
Stomach
Pepsin
2.0-3.0
37.3-37.6
Small Intestine
Pancreatic amylase, trypsin,
lipase
7.5-9.0
37.3-37.6
Use your understanding of the structure and function of enzymes
to:
- Predict how the activity of pepsin will change after it moves from
the stomach to the small intestine
- Explain your prediction using data from t he table
Describe how change sin pH and temperature affect enzyme
activity
Predict how a fever of 40 degrees Celsius would affect enzyme
activity
• +1/2 pepsin activity will decrease as it moves
from the stomach to the small intestine
• +1/2 this is due to an increase in pH
• +1/2 data used from table
• +1/2 enzymes work best at a certain pH
• +1/2 enzymes work best at a certain
temperature
• +1/2 extremes denature enzymes by distorting
active site
• +1/2 identify that 40 degrees is above
temperature range of all listed enzymes
• +1/2 all activity will slow due to temperature
increase
4. Cells
Organelle
Buzz Word Function
Mitochondria
Energy production
Nucleus
Control center
Ribosome
Protein Synthesis
Cell Membrane
Cell Transport /Diffusion/Osmosis
Made of lipids
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Protection & structure/made
of cellulose
Traps Sun/creates sugars
Vacuole
Storage
Lysosome
Cell Digestion
Plant Cell:
Animal Cell:
Cell Wall
Lysosome
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
No Cell Wall
Eukaryotic
Researchers have discovered a
toxin that stops cells from releasing
stored energy. Cells exposed to this
toxin cannot carry out many of their
normal processes:
Which of these cell organelles are
most directly affected by this toxin?
a. ribosomes
b. chloroplasts
c. mitochondria
d. vacuoles
The exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the body and
the air occurs in the lungs. This
exchange of gases takes place at
the cellular level. What part of
the cell is primarily responsible
for this exchange?
a.
b.
c.
d.
the cell membrane
the nucleus
the cell wall
the ribosome
Which of these organelles in
animal cells provide energy
for cell activities?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Ribosomes
nuclei
Cyanide is a poison that
prevents mitochondria from
using oxygen. As a result, the
mitochondria cannot produce
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lipids
Sugar
Minerals
energy
Maryland white oak trees make
their own food. Their cells
contain structures that capture
energy from the sun. What are
these structures?
a. chloroplasts
b. nuclei
c. mitochondria
d. ribosomes
In Eukaryotes, which of these
organelles are used to make
sugars?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Flagella
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
chloroplasts
Which structure in a cell is used
to release energy in the cell?
a. nucleus
b. cell wall
c. chrloroplasts
d. mitochondrion
5. Cell Transport
Exocytosis: large
particles leave the
cell by means of a
vesicle
Active Transport
- Requires energy
- Typically goes against
concentration gradient
Endocytosis:
large particles
enter cell by
means of a
vesicle
Osmosis:
Movement of
water across the
cell membrane
Transport particles & nutrients
into and out of the cell
- Works with the
concentration gradient
- Does not require energy
Passive Transport
Ion Pump:
A protein in
the cell
membrane
that pumps
ions against
the gradient
Diffusion:
Movement of
particles from
an area of
high
concentration
to low
concentration
Which of these is the process by
which water moves across a
selectively permeable
membrane?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Osmosis
Transpiration
capillary action
active transport
If the dialysis sac is permeable
only to water and iodine, what
will the solutions in the
beaker and the sac look like
after two hours?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The iodine solution in the beaker will turn blue-black; the
starch solution will not change
The starch solution in the dialysis sac will turn blue-black; the
iodine solution will not change.
Neither solution will turn blue-black
Both solution will turn blue-black
Which of these processes is
demonstrated by the
experiment shown in the
diagram?
a. cellular respiration
b. active transport
c. endocytosis
d. diffusion
In an experiment, a group of students placed ten
raisins in a container with 100 milliliters of water.
They covered the container and let the raisins sit
overnight. The students removed the raisins
from the container and observed that they were
larger. They also observed that the volume of
water in the container had decreased.
What happened to the raisins to cause the raisins
to become larger? In your response be sure to:
• name the process that caused the raisins to
become larger
• describe how this process caused the raisins to
become larger
• explain the role of this process in living systems
• +1 identified osmosis as the process
• +1 defined the term osmosis
• +1/2 described there was a concentration
difference inside and outside the
membrane
• +1/2 mentions and explains passive
transport
• +1 describes how water cross through cell
membranes in order to maintain cell
processes
How do living systems control the movement
of materials into and out of cells?
In your response be sure to:
• identify the cell structures and body
systems involved
• describe the functions of the cell structures
and body systems involved
• identify and describe the processes
responsible for the movement of materials
into and out of the cells
• +1/2 identifies and describes active transport
• +1/2 identifies and describes passive transport
• +1/2 identifies the cell membrane as a semipermeable membrane that controls the flow of
substances into and out of cell
• +1/2 identifies proteins on the cell membrane as
a means of active transport
• +1 identifies osmosis and diffusion as passive
transport and describe each
• +1 identifies ion pumps, endocytosis, and
exocytosis as active transport and describe each
6. Body Systems
Body Systems:
Key Word(s):
Role:
Releases
chemicals/hormones in
order to direct life
functions
Endocrine
Chemicals
Skeletal
Structure
Protects and gives structure
to the body
Excretory
Removal of wastes
Removes metabolic wastes
from the body
Communication
Sends signals from the brain
to other parts of the
body
Transport
Transports nutrients to all
parts of the body using
vascular tissues
Respiratory
Exchange of gases
Exchanges carbon dioxide
and oxygen between
the environment
Digestive
Absorption
Absorbs nutrients from food
into the body
Nervous
Circulatory
Which body system produces
chemicals that act at different
sites in the body:
a.
b.
c.
d.
the circulatory system
the endocrine system
the excretory system
the skeletal system
In the human body, which of
these systems transports
sugars to the cells where they
are used:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Excretory
Respiratory
Circulatory
digestive
Which of these is not a direct
function of the skeletal system
a. blood circulation
b. muscle attachment
c. support of the body
d. protection of the organs
What is the primary role of the
endocrine system:
a. to produce chemicals that affect other parts of the
body
b. to remove waste products from the blood
c. to defend the body against illness and infection
d. to coordinate movement of the body
Which system in the frog
produces chemicals that
regulate functions in different
parts of its body
a.
b.
c.
d.
respiratory system
excretory system
endocrine system
circulatory system
Which of these organ systems is
responsible for the removal of
metabolic wastes from the blood
a.
b.
c.
d.
Endocrine
Nervous
Respiratory
excretory
Which of these body systems
transports glucose and other
substances in the blood to the
cells of the body
a.
b.
c.
d.
digestive system
endocrine system
circulatory system
reproductive system
7. Homeostasis
Homeostasis: the maintenance
of a constant internal
environment by making changes
to the internal or external
environment
Equilibrium: the state of
homeostasis where all factors
are balanced or at optimal levels
Maintaining Homeostasis:
Input:
Change in
equilibrium
Influx of sugar
into system
Receptor/Sensor
:
Detects the
change
Body detects
high blood
sugar
Control
Center/Integrat
or:
Receives info
from and
decides on the
way to return to
equilibrium
Brain tells
pancreas to
release insulin
Effector:
Change in body
made in order
to return to
homeostasis
Pancreas
releases insulin
Return to
equilibrium
Body’s blood
sugar level
returns to
normal
Output:
Which of these is an example of
feedback in a biological
system?
a. the movement of salts from cells in the bloodstream
b. the release of insulin into the bloodstream when blood sugar
increases
c. the decrease in oxygen levels in the blood after vigorous
exercise
d. the use of energy when muscles contract
Birds, mammals, and theropod
dinosaurs can maintain a
constant body temperature. The
ability to maintain a constant
body temperature. The ability to
maintain a constant body
temperature is an example of
a.
b.
c.
d.
Respiration
Homeostasis
a reptilian trait
an acquired trait
Mammals are exposed to a variety of outside
temperatures. However, they are able to
maintain a constant internal body
temperature.
Describe ways that mammals warm and cool
themselves in response to their environment:
Include in your response
• an example of a mammal and its environment
• both body structures and activities they use
• specific examples of both warming and
cooling
• +1/2 named a mammal
• +1/2 named its environment
• +1 body structures identified (hair, fat
deposits, muscles, etc.) that are used to
maintain body temperature
• +1 warming activities identified (shivering,
sitting in sun, feeding, seeking shelter)
• +1 cooling activities identified (sweating,
seeking water, seeking shade)
8. Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll, a
pigment in the
chloroplast absorbs
sunlight energy
Forms
glucose
Oxygen is
released as a
waste product
Used in
cellular
respiration
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O)
 Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (O2)
Light Intensity:
• The rate of photosynthesis increases as light
intensity increases, till all the pigments reach
saturation point, then it levels out
Carbon Dioxide Concentration:
• The rate of photosynthesis increases till all
the pigments reach their saturation point
then level off
Temperature:
• The rate of photosynthesis is optimal at a
certain temperature, too extreme and it
decreases
A scientist wants to study
photosynthesis in a newly
discovered species. Which of
these cell structures should
the scientist study:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
ribosomes
During photosynthesis, trees
convert carbon dioxide and
other materials to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lipids
amino acids
nucleic acids
sugars
In a recent experiment, scientists studied the
effects of increased carbon dioxide levels
on the growth of pine trees. The scientists
observed that increases levels of carbon
dioxide resulted in a increase in the
average circumference of the tree trunks.
The change in circumference is a results
of process of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Osmosis
Adaptation
Transpiration
photosynthesis
Elodea, a freshwater plant, releases gas bubbles when
it is placed in direct light. In an investigation, a
student placed a lamp at different distances from
an aquarium containing Elodea. The student
counted the number of bubbles produced by the
Elodea plant.
What energy source is used by Elodea?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Heat
Light
Oxygen
carbon dioxide
The bubbles released by Elodea
contain mostly?
a.
b.
c.
d.
oxygen
carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
water vapor
The energy required for
photosynthesis is provided
by:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Proteins
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
carbohydrates
9. Resp. vs. Chemo. Vs. Photo.
Photosynthesis
What is it?
Cellular
Respiration
Chemosynthesis
Process by
Process by
which organisms
Process by
which sunlight
who live in harsh
which oxygen
and carbon
conditions
and glucose are
dioxide are used
create their own
used to create
to create
food from
ATP (energy)
glucose
inorganic
chemicals
Initial Energy
Source
Sun
Glucose
Inorganic
Compounds
Inputs
(needs)
Carbon
Dioxide &
Light & Water
Oxygen &
Glucose
Inorganic
Compounds
Outputs
(wastes)
Oxygen &
Glucose
Carbon
Dioxide
X
Where does it
occur?
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Prokaryotes
Types of
organisms
Plants
Plants &
animals
Bacteria
Autotrophs or
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Which of these best describes
the process of chemosynthesis
a. DNA molecules are formed
b. Cell membranes are constructed
c. Food is produced using energy from inorganic
compounds
d. Food is produced using energy from light
One of the organelles in a cell
releases energy from sugars.
What is this process called?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Respiration
Transpiration
Photosynthesis
chemosynthesis
Compare the function of
chloroplasts and mitochondria in
a cell. In your response, include:
- the name of the process that
occurs in each organelle
- the products of each process
- the importance of each process
to the cell
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
+1/2 chloroplasts = photosynthesis
+1/2 mitochondria = cellular respiration
+1/2 define photosynthesis
+1/2 define cellular respiration
+1/2 products photo.= oxygen & glucose
+1/2 products respire.= carbon dioxide
+1/2 photosynthesis is important because
it creates the sugars (food) necessary for
autotrophs to survive
• +1/2 respiration is important because it is
the energy producing processes used to
create ATP for use during body functions
10. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Homologous Chromosomes
• Pairs of the same chromosome
Crossing Over
• Process by which alleles on homologous
chromosomes are exchanged creating
genetically unique combinations of genes
Diploid Cells (2n)
• Cells with two sets of chromosomes
(homologous), body cells
Haploid Cells
• Cells with one set of chromosomes,
gamete
Sex Cells/Gametes
• Haploid cells with only one set of
chromosomes
Somatic/Body Cells
• Diploid cells that are all cells except sex
cells
Mitosis
Meiosis
Purpose:
To create genetically identical cells
for the purpose of cell growth and
repair
To create genetically unique sex cells
and reduce number of chromosomes
for sexual reproduction
Types of Cells
Involved:
Body Cells
Sex Cells
Beginning of Process:
Diploid or Haploid
Diploid
Diploid
End of Process:
Diploid or Haploid
Diploid
Haploid
Cells at End:
Genetically Identical
or Unique
Genetically Identical
Genetically Unique
Does crossing over
occur:
No
Yes
Two homologous
chromosomes
Unique combinations of
genes
are created and thus
During meiosis, when
homologous
onto
offspring
pair come togetherpassed
(one from
mother
and one from father), portions/genes
are exchanged
Each body cell in an earthworm
contains 36 chromosomes.
How many chromosomes are
in each of its gametes?
a.
b.
c.
d.
18
36
54
72
Which of these represents the
number of chromosomes in
cells before and after the
process of meiosis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
nn
n  2n
2n n
2n  2n
After an egg cell containing 16
chromosomes is fertilized, how
many chromosomes will be
present in the zygote?
a.
b.
c.
d.
8
16
32
64
A sperm cell of a moth has 112
chromosomes. How many
chromosomes are in the
moth’s wing cells?
a.
b.
c.
d.
66
112
224
448
Reproductive cells are produced
during:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Mitosis
Meiosis
Fertilization
Budding
Which of these is produced as a
result of fertilization?
a. A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes as a
gamete
b. An egg with half the number of chromosomes as a
zygote
c. A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes as
a zygote
d. A zygote with half the number of chromosomes as a
gamete
Some coral cells undergo
meiosis. Which of these
would not occur during
meiosis?
a. Formation of a zygote
b. Chromosomes crossing-over
c. Production of gametes
d. Reduction in the number of chromosomes
Which of these does not occur
during meiosis?
a. Production of identical gametes
b. Production of new gene combinations
c. Crossing over of homologous chromosomes
d. Reduction of chromosome number by one-half
Horses have 64 chromosomes in
each body cell. If a horse cell
undergoes meiosis, how
many chromosomes should
be in each gamete?
a. 16
b. 32
c. 64
d. 128
One kind of chromosomal mutation can occur
during meiosis when a pair of
chromosomes that carry genes for the
same trait fail to separate. Which of these
represents the sex chromosomes of a
male organism when this type of
chromosomal mutation has occurred?
a. XXY
b. XX
c. XY
d. XXX
11. DNA vs. RNA
Nitrogen Bases
Sugar
Phosphate Group
Nucleotide
DNA:
Double Stranded
(double helix)
Thymine
Deoxyribose
Stores genetic
info
RNA:
Both:
Single Stranded
Nucleic Acids
Uracil
Adenine, Guanine,
Cytosine
Ribose
Involved in
protein synthesis
Type of RNA
Purpose
Location
mRNA
Transcribes DNA triplets and
transports it to ribosome
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
tRNA
Translates mRNA’s codons
and affixes amino acids
Cytoplasm/
Ribosome
rRNA
Makes up the structural
component of ribosomes
Ribosomes
Look at the DNA Sequence: GAA
TTC GCA. What do the G and
A represent in the DNA
sequence?
a. Sugars
b. Amino acids
c. Phosphates
d. Nitrogen bases
Which of these are the repeating
units that form a DNA
molecules?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Fatty acids
Nucleotides
Amino acids
Chromosomes
Which of these represents the
structure of messenger RNA?
Which of the following is
correctly matched with its
function?
a. rRNA – contains codes to make new riobsomes
b. DNA – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes
c. tRNA – combines with proteins to make up
ribosomes
d. mRNA – carries genetic codes from nucleus to the
ribosomes
The genetic information for
making a protein must move
from the nucleus to the
cytoplasm. Which of these
moves this information to the
cytoplasm.
a.
b.
c.
d.
A ribosome
DNA
RNA
An amino acid
Which of these
is a
nucleotide:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
Which of these
is a sugar:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
What is one role of transfer RNA
in the cell?
a. Preparing the genes for messenger RNA
b. Changing nitrogen bases into amino acids
c. Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosome
d. Carrying amino acids to the ribosome
12. Genetics
Term
What it Means
Genotype
Dominant Trait
A trait that is always expressed in a phenotype regardless of other alleles
present
A
Recessive
A trait that is only expressed in a phenotype if it is the only type of allele that is
present
a
Homozygous
A genotype in which all alleles are the same, whether they are dominant or
recessive
AA or aa
Heterozygous
A genotype in which alleles are different
Aa
Phenotype:
• The physical expression of ones genotype
Genotype
• The combination of alleles and genes
Cross Aa versus Aa:
A
a
A
AA Aa
a
Aa aa
Genotype: AA:Aa:aa, 1:2:1, 25%:50%:25%
Phenotype: n/a
A cross between a tall plant (TT)
and another tall plant
T
T
TT
t
Tt
Genotype: TT:Tt, 1:1, 50%:50%
Phenotype: Tall, 1, 100%
T
TT
Tt
A cross between a homozygous
dominant person with Brown
Eyes (B) and a homozygous
recessive person with blue
eyes (b):
b
b
Genotype: Bb, 1, 100%
Phenotype: Brown, 1, 100%
B
Bb
Bb
B
Bb
Bb
In humans, the trait for having a second toe that is
longer than the big toe (T) is dominant; the trait
for having a second toe that is shorter than the
big toe (t) is recessive. A family has eight
children. Six children have second toes that are
longer than the big toe. Two children have second
toes that are shorter than the big toe. What are
the most likely genotypes of the parents?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tt and Tt
Tt and tt
TT and tt
TT and TT
In one plant, the allele for long stems (L) is dominant;
the allele for short stems (l) is recessive. The
scientists crossed a heterozygous, long-stemmed
plant with a short-stemmed plant. Which of these
shows the expected results of this cross?
a. 50% long stemmed plants and 50% short stemmed
plants
b. 75% long stemmed plants and 25% short stemmed
plants
c. 100% long stemmed plants
d. 100% short stemmed plants
A scientist crossed a tall pea
plant with a short pea plant.
All of the four hundred
offspring produced were tall
pea plants. Which of these
explains these results?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The allele for tall pea plants is dominant
The offspring are homozygous dominant
The allele for short pea plants is dominant
The offspring inherited a new mutation
In humans, the allele for dimples (D) is
dominant. The allele for not having
dimples is recessive. A woman (DD) and a
man (Dd) have four children. Which of
these is the predicted ratio of the children
with dimples to the children without
dimples?
a.
b.
c.
d.
1:0
1:1
1:3
3:1
In humans, the allele for unattached earlobes (E) is
dominant. The allele for attached earlobes (e) is
recessive. A woman who is heterozygous for this
trait marries a man who has attached earlobes.
What is the probability that this couple’s child will
have unattached earlobes?
a.
b.
c.
d.
25%
50%
75%
100%
The presence of absence of freckles is determined by
one gene. The allele for freckles (F) is dominant
and the allele for the absence of freckles (f) is
recessive. A couple has several children. All of
the children have freckles because their parents’
genotypes can only produce children with
freckles. Which of these are most likely the
genotypes of the two parents?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ff and ff
FF and ff
Ff and Ff
ff and ff
In horses, the allele for straight hair (B) is dominant to
the allele for curly hair (b). Which of these sets of
parents can produce offspring with curly hair?
a. A heterozygous male with straight hair and a
homozygous female with straight hair
b. A homozygous male with curly hair and a
homozygous female with straight hair
c. A heterozygous male with straight hair and a
heterozygous female with straight hair
d. A homozygous male with straight hair and a
homozygous female with straight hair
Which of these combinations
results in the expression of a
recessive trait?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Two dominant alleles
A dominant sex-linked allele and a Y chromosome
Two recessive alleles
A dominant allele and a recessive allele
In humans, the allele for long eyelashes is dominant (L)
and allele for short eyelashes is recessive (l). A
female who is heterozygous for long eyelashes
and a male with short eyelashes have a child.
What is the probability that their offspring will
have short eyelashes?
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
In a species of fly, the allele for red eyes (R) is dominant to the
allele for brown eyes (r). Red eye color in the flies is not sexlinked. Students crossed male and female flies that had red eyes
and recorded the eye color of their offspring. Their data is shown
below:
What are the most likely genotypes of the parent flies?
a.
b.
c.
d.
RR and rr
Rr and Rr
rr and rr
RR and Rr
Using the data in the table, what
is the approximate ratio of
red eyed offspring to brown
eyed offspring?
a. 1:1
b. 2:1
c. 3:1
d. 4:1
In guinea pigs, the allele for black fur (B) is dominant. The allele
for brown fur (b) is recessive. Two guinea pigs were crossed as
shown in the Punnett square below. Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4
represent the types of offspring produced from the cross.
What is the probability that an offspring from this cross would
have brown fur?
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
Which of these describes the
phenotypes of the parent
guinea pigs?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Both parents have black fur
Both parents have brown fur
One parent has black fur, and the other brown fur
One parent has a mixture of black and brown fur,
and the other has black fur
A pair of laboratory mice are
crossed to obtain offspring.
Three alleles found in the female
gamete are ABC. Three alleles
found in the male gamete are
Abc
a. AaBbCc
b. AABBCC
c. aabbcc
d. AABbCc
One parent is homozygous
dominant for brown hair (BB).
The other parent is heterozygous
for brown (Bb). What is the
probability that the offspring will
have brown hair?
a. 100%
b. 75%
c. 50%
d. 25%
13. Protein Synthesis
Code
Location
Triplet
DNA
Codon
mRNA
Anti-Codon
tRNA
Molecule
Role
Location
DNA
Store the genetic code
nucleus
mRNA
“transcribe” the genetic code
Nucleus/cyto
plasm
tRNA
“translate” the genetic code
and carrying and bond amino
acids together
ribosome
rRNA
Form ribosomes and bind
together amino acids
Ribosome
Enzymes
Split open the DNA so it can be
copied
Nucleus
Amino
acids
Bind together to form proteins
Cytoplasm
Amino Acid
Protein
tRNA
Ribosomes
mRNA
DNA
mRNA
protein
Transcription
Amino Acids
tRNA
Translation
mRNA
Ribosome
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
A
U
A
C
G
C
T
A
U
G
C
G
G
C
G
A
U
A
T
A
U
C
G
C
T
A
U
Which RNA sequence is
produced using the DNA
sequence AGC-TAC-ACT?
a.
b.
c.
d.
UCG-AUG-UGA
UCG-UAC-ACU
TCG-ATG-TGA
AGC-UAC-ACU
According to the
diagram, in
which step is
messenger
RNA being
constructed?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d.IV
Which step
involves
transfer
RNA?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d.IV
Which step
involves
ribosomes?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d.IV
Hemoglobin is an important protein
in red blood cells. The DNA code for
hemoglobin contains the following
segment:
TGC-GGA-CTC-CTC
Which of these is the messenger
RNA code for this segment of DNA?
a.
b.
c.
d.
ACG-CCT-GAA-GAA
TCC-GGT-CTC-CTC
ACG-CCU-GAG-GAG
UGC-GGA-CUC-CUC
Which of the following is
correctly matched with its
function?
a. rRNA – contains codes to make new ribosomes
b. DNA – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes
c. tRNA – combines with proteins to make up
ribosomes
d. mRNA – carries genetic codes from nucleus to the
ribosomes
Which of these statements best
explains how genes and
proteins are related?
a. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins
b. Proteins are segments of DNA that code for genes
c. Genes are the building blocks of proteins
d. Proteins are the building blocks of genes
A strand of DNA has a nucleotide
base sequence TAC-CGGAGT. Which of the following is
the complementary mRNA
sequence produced from the
strand of DNA?
a.
b.
c.
d.
UAC-CGG-AGU
ACU-GAA-CGA
AGU-UCC-UAC
AUG-GCC-UCA
The genetic information for
making a protein must move
from the nucleus to the
cytoplasm. Which of these
moves this information to the
cytoplasm?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A ribosome
DNA
RNA
An amino acid
Structure 2 in
the diagram
represents
a:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Protein
Chloroplasts
The process in
the diagram
occurs in the
a. Nucleus
b. Cytoplasm
c. Vacuole
d. Chromosome
Structure 1 is
produced in
what part of
the cell?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
A cellular process uses a strand of
genetic material to produce a new
strand. Parts of the strands are
shown below:
Original Strand: ATT CAG
New Strand:
UAA GUC
This new strand will most likely
be used for:
a.
b.
c.
d.
gene splicing
DNA synthesis
Crossing-over
Protein Synthesis
What is one role of transfer RNA
in the cell?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Preparing the genes for messenger RNA
Changing nitrogen bases into amino acids
Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosomes
Carrying amino acids to the ribosomes
Reproduction
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Result of meiosis
Result of mitosis
Genetically unique offspring
Genetically Identical
offspring
Requires two parents
Creates genetic variety
One parent
No genetic variety
Asexual
Reproduction
Type
Description
Budding
When a clone of the organism
develops on the side of it then
breaks off when fully devleoped
Binary Fission
A single cell is replicated and
splits itself
Fertilization –
When two gametes come
together to form a zygote
Zygote A growing cell that is the result
of the gametes coming together
Streptococcus is a type of
bacteria that causes strep
throat in humans. Which of
these is the type of
reproduction used by
Streptococcus?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Binary fission
Meiosis
Crossing-over
Budding
Cholera bacteria perform binary
fission to
a. Reproduce asexually
b. Digest food rapidly
c. Regulate temperature
d. Increase body size
Which of these is produced as a
result of fertilization:
a.
b.
c.
d.
A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete
An egg with half the number of chromosomes as a zygote
A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes as a zygote
A zygote with half the number of chromosomes as a gamete
A student observes a unicellular
organism under a microscope. After
a while, the organism begins to split
into two cells, as shown in the
diagram.
Which of these best describes
the process shown in the diagram?
a.
b.
c.
d.
binary fission
Meiosis
Osmosis
sexual reproduction
Sea stars are genetically
different from each other and
from their parents. These
genetic differences are the
result of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Mitosis
Cloning
Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
What is formed when a male
gamete combines with a
female gamete?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Zygote
Egg
Sperm
Chromosome
Apomixes is a type of asexual
reproduction in which adult
plants grown directly from
egg cells. Which of these
does not occur during
apomixes?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Mitosis
Translation
Fertilization
Transcription
Mutations
Mutation
• A mutation is a change in the gene
sequence in the DNA and is passed on
through generations
Caused by:
a) DNA nucleotide sequence is not copied
properly
b) Chromosomes do not completely
separate during meiosis
c) Extra or additional chromosomes are
passed on
During cell replication, an error
may result in a base pair
substitution. Which of these
terms describes the change
in base pair sequence?
a) Cloning
b) Meiosis
c) Mutation
d) Translation
Which of these describes a
mutation that can be
inherited?
a) Random breakage in a liver cell’s DNA
b) Abnormal lung cells produced by toxins in smoke
c) A nitrogen base substitution in a gamete cell
d) Ultraviolet radiation damage to skin cells
A rare disorder is caused by
changes in a gene. Parents of
individuals with the disorder
have only normal copies of the
gene. Which of these most likely
caused this disorder?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Mitosis
Gene splicing
Mutation
Natural Selection
Which of these results when one
nitrogen base replaces
another in a segment of
genetic material
a.
b.
c.
d.
An enzyme substrate
A mutation
A feedback loop
An adaptation
Normal thymine is found in the
old strand. It is replaced by an
abnormal molecule (T*) in the
new strand. The abnormal
molecule binds to guanine
instead of binding to adenine.
This is an example of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
An adaptation
Protein synthesis
A mutation
Binary fission
Evolution
Natural Selection:
The process of change by which
new species develop from
preexisting species over time
Overproduction
Every species tends to produce more
individuals than can survive to maturity
Variation
The individuals of a population have many
characteristics that differ
Selection
Some individuals survive longer and reproduce
more because their traits are more
advantageous
Adaptation
The traits of those individuals that survive and
reproduce will become more common in a
population
By comparing fossils
from the past and
bones of living things
patterns of gradual
change can be seen
Embryolog
y
Fossil
Record
Biogeography
Similar environmental
conditions have led
to similar
development of
adaptations
Similarities in the
genetic code of DNA
suggest a common
ancestry
Similarities in embryo
structures can be
seen in the early
development stages
of many organisms
Evidence
for
Evolution
Notes
Similar structures can
suggest a common
lineage
Comparativ
e Anatomy
Analogous Structures
DNA
Similaritie
s
Structures with a
similar function but
different structures
Homologous
Structures
Mammals living in extremely cold
climates typically have thick fur
and a layer of fat that insulate
them from the cold. Which of
these terms best describes these
characteristics:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Translations
Alterations
Adaptations
Recombination
Rabbits that live in warm climates
have larger ears than rabbits that
live in cold climates. Larger ears
allow rabbits to cool themselves
by releasing body heat. Which
term describes this
characteristic?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Alteration
Mutation
Adaptation
Recombination
The mole rat is an animals that avoid
predators by living underground. Its long
claws and teeth allow it to dig deep
holes. Scientists believe the ancestors of
the mole rat lived above ground and had
shorter claws and teeth.
Which of these processes results in the
long claws and teeth found in the modern
mole rat?
a.
b.
c.
d.
natural selection
selective breeding
genetic engineering
asexual reproduction
Rafflesia flowers produce the smell
of rotting flesh. This smell attracts
flies. When the flies land on the
flowers, the pollen attaches to them.
The flies then transport the pollen to
other flowers.
Producing a smell to attract flies is
an example of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Parasitism
Adaptation
Replication
predation
Loggerhead turtles in the Atlantic Ocean return to lay
their eggs on the same beaches where they hatched.
Scientists have observed that the turtles have a
“compass sense”. This sense allows them to use
Earth’s magnetic field to find their way back to the
beaches where they were hatched.
Which of these terms best describes the turtle’s ability
to use Earth’s magnetic field?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Diversity
Habitat
Succession
adaptation
South American honeybees are
resistant to the mites. Scientists
believe that the North American
honeybees may also become
resistant to the mites in another ten
years. Which of these processes will
cause the honeybee population to
become resistant to the mites?
a.
b.
c.
d.
natural selection
Chemosynthesis
aerobic respiration
succession
Students used the three organisms shown
below to study evolutionary relationships .
Which of these structures are the best
evidence of an evolutionary relationship?
a.
b.
c.
d.
bat wing and bee wing
bat lower jaw and whale lower jaw
whale flipper and bee wing
bat wing and whale flipper
Researchers are studying slider turtles. Slider
turtles hatch on the beach. The researchers
discovered that larger baby turtles are more
likely to survive than smaller baby turtles. They
hypothesized that the larger turtles could move
more quickly toward the water than the smaller
turtle, reducing their exposure to predators.
The survival advantage for the larger baby
turtles is a result of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
natural selection
gene splicing
Mutualism
commensalim
Amphibians were the first vertebrates to live on land. The
ancestors of amphibians were probably lobe-finned fish. The
diagram below shows this development of amphibians over time.
Which of these terms best describes how amphibians could have
developed from lobe-finned fish
a.
b.
c.
d.
Selective breeding
Cloning
Migration
Natural selection
The figure below shows the skeletal structure of the seal’s flipper
and a monkey’s arm.
The skeletal structures of the flipper and the arm are similar even though
they have different functions. Seals use their flippers for
swimming, while monkeys use their arms primarily for grasping
and lifting.
The seal’s flipper and the monkey’s arm differ in appearance. This
difference is the result of:
a. Migration
b. Genetic engineering
c. Succession
d. Natural selection
Which of these explains why the
skeletal structures of the
seal’s flipper and the
monkey’s arm are similar?
a. Seals and monkeys have a common ancestor
b. Seals and monkeys have identical DNA
sequences.
c. All of the same genetic mutations occurred in
seals and monkeys
d. All of the same vitamins used for bone
formation in seals and monkeys
The ears of foxes help to regulate body heat. The
fennec fox lives in the North African desert and has
large ears that release body heat. The arctic fox lives in
cold climates and has small earls that conserve body
heat.
Which of these processes led to the development of
ear sizes in foxes?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Selective breeding
Succession
Natural selection
Mutualism
Male fiddler crabs attract females by quickly waving
their large front claw. If a claw is lost in a fight or
accident, they quickly grow a hollow claw of equal
length. Because the new claw is lighter, they can wave
it faster. A male fiddler crab is shown below.
The male fiddler crab’s new claw can be described as
a.
b.
c.
d.
A clone
A genotype
An adaptation
A dominant trait
The new claw probably helps the
male fiddler crab to
a.
b.
c.
d.
Successfully reproduce
Maintain homeostasis
Fight more successfully
Evolve into a new species
The skull of a modern bird, the herring gull, is shown
below:
Which of the vertebrate skulls shown below is
probably most closely related to modern birds?
An insecticide is a chemical that kills insects. Most insects are killed the
first time they are exposed to an insecticide. However, some
insects carry a gene that enables them to survive their first
exposure to an insecticide. When these surviving insects
reproduce, This gene may be inherited by their offspring. The
number of insecticide resistant insects usually increases over time
because increasing numbers of offspring are able to survive and
reproduce.
Which process enables increasing numbers of insects to survive
their initial exposure to an insecticide?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cloning
Mutation
Natural selection
Genetic engineering
Ecology
Abiotic Factor
• A non-living factor that affects the
environment
Biotic Factor
• A living factor that affects the environment
Predation
When one organism (predator) hunts and
eats another organism (prey)
Commensalism A relationship between two organisms in
which one benefits and the other is
unharmed and does not benefit
Mutualism
A relationship between two organism s in
which both organisms benefit
Parasitism
A relationship between two organism in
which one is harmed and the other
benefits.
Carnivore
Consumer
Parasite
LEAST ENERGY
Consumer TROPHIC LEVEL
Carnivore
Consumer
Consumer
Herbivore
Herbivore
Consumer
TROPHIC LEVEL
Consumer
Carnivore
TROPHIC LEVEL
Consumer
Omnivore
TROPHIC LEVEL
MOST ENERGY
Producer
Consumer
Herbivore
1. Which of these is an example
of mutualism?
A. a dragonfly eating beetles
B. algae and fungi providing food and shelter for each
other
C. a wasp laying its eggs inside a caterpillar
D. a woodpecker drilling for insects in the bark of a tree
2. Which of these describes the
role of algae and cacti in an
ecosystem?
a. herbivore
b. omnivore
c. decomposer
d. producer
3. In addition to eating fish eggs,
the arctic grayling also eats
insects and small fish. What is
the ecological role of the arctic
grayling?
a. herbivore
b. decomposer
c. omnivore
d. carnivore
4. Which of these shows how
energy is usually transferred in a
food chain?
a. herbivore  producer  carnivore
b. producer  carnivore  herbivore
c. carnivore  herbivore  producer
d. producer  herbivore  carnivore
Aphids are insects that feed on fluids from the
stems of plants. After the aphids ingest the
plant fluids they excrete a liquid called
honeydew.
5. Ladybugs eat aphids, which are a source of
protein for the ladybugs. Which of these terms
best describes the relationship between the
ladybugs and the aphids?
a. mutualism
b. parasite-host
c. predator-prey
d. commensalim
6. Some species of ants protect
aphids from predators. The ants
benefit by feeding on the honeydew
produced by the aphids. Which of
these terms best describes the
relationship between the aphids and
the ants?
a. mutualism
b. parasite-host
c. predator-prey
d. commensalisms
7. The scientists discovered a
species of fish that eats other
fish and decaying matter. Which
of these does not describe the
newly discovered fish?
a. consumer
b. predator
c. scavenger
d. producer
8. Which of these describes the
relationship between cholera
bacteria and copepods?
a. mutualism
b. parasite-host
c. commensalisms
d. producer-consumer
9. Which of these is an abiotic
factor that influences this
ecosystem?
a. food
b. bacteria
c. water temperature
d. giant tubeworms
10. Which of these describes the
role of the vole in the
Yellowstone ecosystem.
a. decomposer
b. producer
c. herbivore
d. carnivore
11. Striped fish are affected by
biotic and abiotic factors in their
environment. Which of these
factors is biotic?
a. water temperature
b. mineral nutrients
c. freshwater algae
d. inorganic sediments
12. Reef-building coral are marine
animals with single celled algae
living in their tissues. The coral
provided protection for the algae
and the algae provides food for the
coral. Which of these statements
best explains what would happen to
the coral if the algae die?
a. The coral would grow well because it does not have a competitor
b. The coral would die because it needs the food produced by the algae
c. The coral would grow well because it does not have a parasite
d. The coral would die because it cannot produce food for the algae
13. Algae leave the coral when
the water is too warm. What kind
of factor is temperature on this
relationships?
a. biotic
b. abiotic
c. parasite
d. commensalistic
14. The deer tick feeds on the
blood of the red squirrel, deer,
and deer mouse. Which of these
best describes the role of the
deer tick in the forest food web?
a. parasite
b. producer
c. carnivore
d. omnivore
15. When gypsy moth catapillars
hatch which of these populations
benefits first?
a. red oak
b. deer tick
c. blue jay
d. carpenter ant
16. Which of these describes the
role of the red oak in the forest
food web?
a. omnivore
b. parasite
c. herbivore
d. producer
17. Which term best describes
the ecological relationship
between hummingbirds and
insects?
a. mutualism
b. parasite-host
c. predator-prey
d. commensalism
18. Which of these best
describes the effects of human
disturbance on the black
skimmer’s eggs?
a. a biotic factor
b. an allele
c. a niche
d. an abiotic factor
19. Which of these terms best
describes the relationship
between the crows and the black
skimmers?
a. mutualism
b. commensalisms
c. parasite-host
d. predator-prey
20. A continued decrease in
black skimmer populations will
most likely lead to:
a. a decrease in scavenger population
b. an increase in producer populations
c. a decrease in decomposer populations
d. an increase in prey animal populations
21. Snakes and lizards come to
the bromelids to feed on frogs
and their eggs. Their relationship
between the snakes and lizards
and frogs can best be described
as:
a. mutualism
b. parasite-host
c. predator-prey
d.commensalism
22. Which of these types of
organisms break down dead
organic matter in the rain forest?
a. producers
b. predators
c. herbivores
d. decomposers
23. Which of these best
describes the wide variety of
plant and animal species in the
rain forest?
a. niche
b. diversity
c. commensalisms
d. mutualism
24. A protozoan lives inside a rat and takes its
nourishment from the rat’s body. Because the
protozoan damages the rat’s brain, the rat
loses its fear of cats. A cat attacks an infected
rat; the protozoan enters the cat’s body and
completes its life cycle. Which of these
describes the relationship between the
protozoans and the cat?
a. commensalisms
b. parasite-host
c. mutualism
d. predator-prey