Transcript Slide 1

Animal
Plant &
algae
B290
Function
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
__________ cells
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Specialisation – structure gives clues to function
Cell
membrane
e.g. muscle and sperm need lots of energy so have lots of ___________ ,
Vacuole
Root hair cells have
Gland cells produce enzymes so need lots of ______________ .
Chloroplasts
Molecules enter
and leave cells by
Examples:
In lung, ____ into blood,
____ out of blood
Cells
Animal Tissue Functions
In intestines, _______
into blood
Muscle –
Process is faster when
Glandular -
_____________________
1)
_____________________
2)
Plant Tissue Functions
Epidermal - __________________
Mesophyll - __________________
Xylem/Phloem - _______________
Epithelial -
Tissues
_____________________
Organs
Organ systems
Organs and functions?
___________
Photosynthesis
_____________
Leaf adaptations
___________
Palisade layer
__________
Stomata
_________
Spongy mesophyll
___________
Plant transport:
Root adaptations:
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Released via
Xylem
Phloem
+
+
Plant Nutrients:
Nitrates Magnesium Yields optimised in greenhouses by…
Limiting factors:
Used in _____________ to
release ______
Test for this:
Add _________ goes
1)
2)
______/______
Must consider..
3)
Describe:
Physical factors affecting
distribution of organisms:
Converted into insoluble
_________ for storage
Also converted to _____ &
_____ for storage, made into
_____________ or used to
produce ___________ that
strengthens cell walls
1)
2)
Explain:
Sampling techniques:2 ways to use quadrats?
3)
4)
5)
6)
Reproducible vs Repeatable
Proteins and their uses
Proteins are made from
__________ ___________
and used for:
Structural tissues
Hormones
Antibodies
Catalysts
Advantages:
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“_____ & _____”
2)
3)
1)
Where it works best
Enzymes
-Known as _____________
catalysts because they
_____________ reactions e.g.
respiration in the mitochondria
-Can change one molecule into
another, break down large
molecules into smaller ones or
build small molecules into larger
ones
Uses in industry
Shape makes the enzyme
________ to one substrate
Shape can be changed by
________ and ____, the
enzyme stops working, its is
said to have been
______________
Break down needed so
molecules can be __________
Digestion:
Disadvantages:
Digestive
enzyme
+ Carbohydrases converts cheap _______
into _________
Aerobic Respiration
Made by
Works on
Breaks it
down to
Special
conditions
Amylase
Protease
Lipase
_______ + ______ ―> _______ + _______
This reaction releases energy, it takes place in
__________ and enzymes are involved
Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Used when muscles can’t get enough ______
The _______ is not completely broken down and
________ ______ is produced leading to fatigue.
______ energy is released than with aerobic
respiration. After exercising there is an
_________ _______ and this must be repaid to
allow the lactic acid to break down
Energy used for:
Building larger molecules
Muscle ___________
To maintain _______
______________
Build sugars in plants
More _________ is needed by muscles
________ + ________ need to be transported to the muscles
faster and _________ ________ needs to be removed faster
_______ + ___________ rate increase, depth of breathing
also increases (to improve oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide
removal)
Muscles store glucose as ____________ - this can be
converted back to glucose during exercise
Gametes
Formed by
Concept of an
inherited factor,
now known as a
_______, was
suggested by
___________
after his studies
in _____ plants.
Process:
M_________
f___________
Embryo
Cells divide by
Allele
Dominant
Recessive
Heterozygous
Cystic Fibrosis
Caused by _________ allele (so
___ copies of allele are needed).
Concerns about use?
________ __________ .
Meiosis
Systems affected ___________
& ___________________
How can parents without CF have a child with
the illness?
Parent genotypes:
Gametes:
How many daughter
cells are produced?
Possible Outcomes:
How many chromosomes
does each cell have?
Chances of
illness ____%, carrier ___%, unaffected ____%
Are the daughter cells
genetically identical?
Does it lead to
variation?
_____________ provide evidence for how organisms have changed over time.
Don’t form when:
DNA
are _______________ and
many cell types. _______
Form by:
Chromosome
Homozygous
Mitosis
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Phenotype
can ______________ into
Why is it needed?
Gene
Has ________ cells, these
cells are also found in
Meaning
Genotype
M_________
Where does it happen?
Key term
Species become extinct due to
P_______________
Caused by __________
allele (so ___ copy of
allele needed).
New species develop because