Transcript Because ______ has 4 equidistant binding sites, it can

Because _____________ has 4
equidistant binding sites, it
can readily form single,
double and even triple
bonds.
Macromolecules are made by a
____________________
reaction or synthesis.
The genetic material of which
kinds of cells are a single,
circular molecule floating about in
the cytoplasm?
______________
A phospholipids has a phosphate
group in place of
a f________ a______
__________________ are a
special class of proteins that
serve as a catalyst for
reactions.
Plant cells often have a large
membrane-bound sac that is
used for storing water and other
substances. This organelle is
called
the _____________
To flow freely across a lipid
membrane, __________ needs
aquaporins to flow through
since it is polar and can not
diffuse through the hydrophobic
part of the membrane.
_____________
_____________ such as
glucose and fructose, are
molecules that have the
same number of atoms, but
a different structure.
Which of the following is NOT
present in ALL eukaryotic cells?
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosome
chromosome
cell wall
Golgi body
A net gain of water tends to occur
in
a hyper-osmotic solution from a
hypo-osmotic solution
a hypo-osmotic solution from a
hyper-osmotic solution
Macromolecules that do not
dissolve in water and hold a
great deal of energy are
called _______________
The eukaryotic organelle that is
directly involved in the
packaging and processing of
proteins into vesicles to be
shipped out of the cell is called
the _______ __________
A cell engulfs an organism, enclosing it
in a vesicle. The organism is partially
digested in that vesicle. The cell then
expels the indigestible waste through
the membrane. The cell is using.
endocytosis followed by phagocytosis
phagocytosis followed by exocytosis
exocytosis followed by phagocytosis
If the pH, temperature, or
substrate of a protein
(enzyme) changes, the
proteins can undergo
_____________________ or
the unfolding of the
molecule.
The nucleolus is the site of
protein synthesis
ribosome assembly
chromosome replication
lipid synthesis
uncoiling and unraveling of
chromosomes
Imagine a cell at equilibrium with its
environment and without any transport
mechanisms other than the sodiumpotassium pump. If the pump
functioned continuously, the cell would
remain at equilibrium
experience increased hydrostatic pressure
become hyperosmotic
shrink
none of these are correct
The subunits of nucleic acids
are called
______________________
and have three parts; the
nitrogen base, sugar, and
phosphate.
Chromosomes can be condensed into
compact structures, visible with the
light microscope, but usually only
after the cell is dead
during cell division
while the DNA is being copied into RNA
while the proteins are being assembled
while the nuclear pores are open
Most healthy plant cells are
turgid because they are
_________________ to their
environment.
hyper-osmotic
hypo-osmotic
The functional group NH2 is an
_______________ group and
found in proteins
Insect bodies, crab shells, and
lobster shells are made up of
a polysaccharide called
____________
The organelle involved in the
oxygen-requiring process by
which the energy in
macromolecules are stored in
ATP is the _______________
If two solutions have unequal
concentrations of a solute, the
solution with the lower
concentration is called
isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic
The linear or sequence of amino
acids in a polypeptide is
called the
____________________
structure.
Very large cells cannot survive
because they lack sufficient
mass
volume
surface area
DNA
In bacteria, fungi, and plants the
high internal pressure generated by
osmosis is counteracted by the
mechanical strength of their
plasma membranes
organelles
cytoskeletons
cell walls
flagella
Triglycerides contain fatty acids
and
______________________
Proteins synthesized by the
rough ER are
for internal storage
to build more membranes in the cell
to digest food in lysosomes
for internal regulation
exported from the cells
Some single-celled eukaryotes
remove the water entering by
osmosis by a process called
extrusion with their
mitochondria
cell walls
microbodies
contractile vacuoles
Golgi bodies
Animals store glucose in the
form of
_______________________
In bacteria, some of the
functions of eukaryotic cells are
performed by
vesicles
lysosomes
mitochondria
nucleoli
the plasma membrane
In a single sodium-potassium pump
cycle, ATP is used up with the
result that
3 sodium ions leave and 2
potassium ions enter
3 sodium ions enter and 2
potassium ions leave
A ________________ bond
holds two amino acids together
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be
a factor in the movement of water through a
terrestrial plant?
The cohesion of water
The influence of gibberellin on cell
expansion
Capilary action
Root pressure
The evaporation of water from the leaves
All of the following statements about a
chloroplast and a mitochondrion are
true EXCEPT:
Both use proton gradients for energy
production.
Both capture light energy.
Both contain DNA.
Both are bounded by two unit
membranes.
Both synthesize ATP.
Saturated fats have the most
calories/energy due to the large
numbers of
____________ to
___________ bonds
The
_______________________
is the framework for support
inside a cell. It is made up
of microtubules and
microfilaments.
Cholesterol functions in the
plasma membrane to
transport ions
serve as an energy molecule
maintain fluidity
mediate steroid action
maintain hypertension
The bond between two subunits
of a macromolecule is
broken during a
__________________
reaction.
According to the
___________________ theory,
eukaryotic cells engulfed
prokaryotic cells which provided
the host cell with special
metabolic activity
Many surface proteins are
anchored by
polar amino acids
hydrogen bonding amino acids
nonpolar fatty acids
nonpolar amino acids
polar fatty acids
In nucleic acids, the purines are
_________________ and
____________________
The presence of the
___________________ is
the most fundamental
difference between
eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells.
Transmembrane proteins are
always fixed in position
always abundant
never fixed in position
never abundant
none of the above
The _______ group, or side
group determines the
chemical properties of an
amino acid.
A cell engaged in pinocytosis
must be
engulfing a live organism
engulfing a dead organism
engulfing a liquid
transporting solids out
There are __________ carbon
atoms in a glucose molecule
In an aqueous sugar solution,
sugar is the
S______________ and
water is the
S______________.
There are no carbon-to-carbon
double bonds in
________________ fats.
There are ____________
hydrogen atoms in a glucose
molecule.
The disaccharide in milk that
some adults are allergic is
called _______________
Depending on the R group,
amino acids can be either
polar, non-polar, ionizable, or
____________________
Testosterone and estrogen are
hormones and examples of
lipids called
___________________
____________ ____________
have the same number of
atoms, however the different
slightly in that one group
may be a mirror image of the
other, which changes their
chemical properties.
The storage of sugars in fruit is
called ______________, and
apples are full of it
When a signal molecule arrives at
a G protein-linked receptor, the G
protein
becomes deactivated
binds with a Ca2+
binds with calmodulin
becomes activated
binds to the signal molecule
Enzymes that add phosphate
groups to proteins are called
P____________
K____________.
The signaling molecules that
travel the farthest are
synaptic
paracrine
neurotransmitter
endocrine
intracellular
A pore that opens or closes
when a particular ion or
molecule binds to its protein
are said to be
C____________
G________.
Plasmodesmata
encircle cells of a tight junction like
a belt
connect to intermediate fibers of
the cytoskeleton
connect the cytoplasm of one plant
cell to that of another
connect actin fibers of one cell to
the extracellular matrix of another
H_____________ is the name
given to a cell formed by the
fusion of a plasma cell and a
cancer cell.
Cell signals with short-lived local
effects are called _______
signals.
holocrine
microcrine
apocrine
paracrine
none of the above
R_____________ proteins are
embedded in the cell
membrane and usually
extend into the interior of the
cell.
A single pass protein that acts
as a “self” marker is
GTP
MHC
GMP
MCA
ADP
Cyclic AMP and ____________
ions often behave as second
messengers, amplifying the
message
The molecules released by
neurons; released very close to the
target cells;
neurotransmitters
endocrine signals
paracrine signals
synaptic signals
direct contact signals
Junctions in which the cytoskeleton
of a cell is attached to that of other
cells or the extracellular matrix are
called
anchoring junctions
communicating junctions
gap junctions
tight junctions
plasmadesmata
Small molecules or ions can pass
from one cell to another through
communicating junctions
tight junctions
diffusion spheres
desmosomes
adherins junctions
In the digestive tract adjacent
cells develop connections called
tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions
ion gates
communicating junctions
Most cells are in physical contact
with other cells at all times by
forming permanent connections
called
cell junctions
gated ion channels
enzymic receptors
G protein linked receptors
Cell surface markers
The molecules that convert
extracellular signals into
intracellular ones are
neurotransmitters
peptide hormones
cell surface receptors
growth factor proteins genes
An antibody is an immune system
molecule that is made by the host
as one of a multitude of responses
to an outside signal molecule. It is
a specialized
protein
lipid
carbohydrate
glycolipid
nucleic acid
The antigen response to many
antibodies is called
P_____________________
A_________________ speeds
up intracellular messages
and produces a larger
response.
A calorie is the commonly used
unit of chemical energy. It is
also the unit of
heat
light
sound
magnetism
radioactivity
Cells release energy from
molecules such as glucose in the
form of ATP. This process is called
oxidation
reduction
photosynthesis
radiation
respiration
Reactions that do NOT proceed
spontaneously because they
require energy from an outside
source are called
exergonic
endergonic
metabolic
endocytic
In an enzyme catalyzed
reaction, the reactant (being
acted upon) is called the
ribosome
catalyst
substrate
end-product
activator
The sites where molecules other
that substrates bind in an enzyme
to alter its activity are called
catalytic sites
allosteric sites
metabolic sites
amino acid sites
activity sites
One of the most important
coenzymes that accepts
hydrogen ions is
NAD+
NADH
ATP
NADPH
ATP gives up energy when it is
converted to
DNA
NADP
NADH
ADP & phosphate
RNA
The regulation of simple biochemical
pathways often involves the endproduct binding to the allosteric site of
the first enzyme in the sequence. This
mode of regulation is called
competitive inhibition
biochemical inhibition
cellular control
product catalysis
feedback inhibition
Enzymes
make endergonic reactions proceed
spontaneously
lower the activation energy of a
reaction
are not very specific in their choice of
substrates
are needed in large quantities because
they are used up during catalysis
In an endergonic reaction,
the reactants contain less free
energy than the products
the reactants contain more free
energy that the products
no activation energy is required
catalysis cannot occur
substrates outnumber enzymes
The energy available to do work
in a system is called
entropy
activation energy
thermodynamics
free energy
heat
During cellular respiration,
glucose is
reduced
oxidized
Which of the following statements
about enzymes is true?
substrates can make enzymes
change shape slightly
all enzymes have the same pH
optimum
the active sites of all enzymes have
the same 3-D shape
all of the above
none of the above
The set of all chemical reactions
carried out by an organism is
called M_______________.
The energy that must be
supplied to destabilize
existing chemical bonds and
get reactions to proceed is
called
A__________________
energy.
In an E____________ reaction,
the products contain less
free energy than the
reactants.
Disorder or energy that is no
longer available to do work is
called E_______________.
Reactions are called
E__________ if they occur
spontaneously and release free
energy
The specificity of an enzyme is
due to it’s A____________
site, which is shaped so that
only a certain substrate
molecule can fit into it.
The organic non-protein
components that are
essential for functioning of
the enzymes are called
C________________.
The same basic array of bones are
modified to give rise to the wing of
a bat and the fin of a porpoise.
Such anatomical structures are
called
analogous
vestigial
homologous
inherited
uniform
The atomic number of an
element is equal to the number
of
protons only
neutrons only
protons and neutrons
neutrons and electrons
If a molecule has a slightly negative
charge on one side and a slightly
positive charge on the other side, it
is said to be
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
organic
ionic
polar
Water is extremely important in living
things for all the following reasons
except
it adheres to substances (wets them)
because its polar
it is a highly energetic dietary
requirement
it has high specific heat and resists
drastic temperature changes
it is a good solvent, most things dissolve
in it
it has high heat of vaporization
Compared with a pH of 7, a
solution of pH 5 has
1/100 of the hydrogen concentration
5/7 of the hydrogen concentration
nearly the same hydrogen
concentration
2 times the hydrogen concentration
100 times the hydrogen concentration
Non polar molecules tend to
aggregate in water because they
are forced to come into close
proximity with each other due to
ionizing interactions
hydrophobic interactions
hydrophilic interactions
dissolving interactions
sticky interactions