Transcript Water Soluble Vitamins

The WaterSoluble
Vitamins
What Are Vitamins?
• Organic compounds
• Needed in the diet
in small amounts
• Essential to the
promotion and
regulation of body
functions necessary
for growth,
reproduction, and
the maintenance of
health
Vitamins In The
Modern Diet


Supplements
Fortified and Enriched
Vitamins In The Modern Diet

Natural
Vitamins In The Digestive Tract
• 40-90% of
the vitamins
are absorbed
in the small
intestine
Vitamin
Functions
• Vitamins promote
and regulate body
activities
• Each provide a
unique role
• B vitamins are all
coenzymes
The Vitamins
• Definitions related to
vitamins
– Bioavailability
– Precursors
– Organic nature
– Solubility
– Toxicity
The Vitamins
• Bioavailability
– The amount of vitamins available from
foods depends not only on the quantity
provided by a food but also on the amount
absorbed and used by the body.
The Vitamins
• Precursors
– Substances that are
converted by the body
into actual vitamins
– Provitamins
Vitamin D
The Vitamins
• Organic nature
– Vitamins are organic chemicals
that can be broken down, and
unable to perform their duties.
– Thus, vitamins must be handled with care
during storage and cooking.
The Vitamins
• Solubility
– Some vitamins dissolve in
water
– Some vitamins dissolve in
fat
The Vitamins
The Vitamins
• Toxicity
– Just as an inadequate intake can
cause harm, so can too high of an
intake.
– Remember TUL (Tolerable Upper
Limit)?
Water-Soluble
Vitamins
• Our vitamin
questions.
– Name and alternate
names?
– What does it do?
– How much do you
need?
– Where do you get
it?
– Deficiency
symptoms?
– Deficiency
diseases?
– Toxicity
For more specific information.
• Linus Pauling Institute
– http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/multivitaminmineral.html
• National Academies of Medicine
– http://www.iom.edu/Global/Search.aspx?q=vitamins
&output=xml_no_dtd&client=default_frontend&site=d
efault_collection&proxyreload=1
• FDA
– http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumeru
pdates/ucm118079.htm
Linus Pauling Institute: We are
Vitamin Deficient.
Linus Pauling Institute: We are
Vitamin Deficient.
Linus Pauling Institute: We are
Vitamin Deficient.
The B Vitamins
• Coenzymes (of energy metabolism /
ATP production)
The B Vitamins
• Coenzymes (of energy metabolism /
ATP production)
The B Vitamins
• Coenzymes
Thiamin
• Other names: Vitamin B1
• What do they do:
– Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin
pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism
• How much do you need:
– men: 1.2 mg/day
– women: 1.1 mg/day
Thiamin
• Where do you get it:
– Whole grain, fortified, or
enriched grain products
– Moderate amounts in all
nutritious food
– Pork
• Easily destroyed by heat
Thiamin
• Deficiency disease
– Beriberi
• Wet, with edema
• Dry, with muscle wasting
• Deficiency symptoms
– Enlarged heart, cardiac failure
– Muscular weakness
– Apathy, poor short-term memory,
confusion, irritability
– Anorexia, weight loss
• Toxicity symptoms: none reported
though may promote cancerous growth
Thiamin: Deficiency disease
•
Dry Beriberi (Peripheral Neuritis)
– Swelling of nerves
– Affects the peripheral nervous system
– Weakness, stiffness and cramps in the
legs
– Inability to walk
Thiamin: Deficiency disease
• Wet Beriberi
–
–
–
–
Similar symptoms
Rapid blood flow, increased pulse rate
Edema – wet
Heart Failure
• Wernicke-Korsakoff Dementia
–
–
–
–
–
CNS lesions
Confusion confabulation
Loss of recent memory
Brain damage
Nystagmus
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Riboflavin
• Other names:
Vitamin B2
• What do they do?
– Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin
mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine
dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism
and creation of B6, niacin and folic acid.
• How much do you need
– Men: 1.3 mg/day
– Women: 1.1 mg/day
Riboflavin
• Where do you get it:
– Milk products (yogurt,
cheese)
• People who are lactose
intolerant may be deficient
– Enriched or whole grains
– Liver
• Easily destroyed by ultraviolet light and
irradiation
Riboflavin
• Deficiency disease:
ariboflavinosis
• Deficiency symptoms
– Inflamed eyelids and sensitivity
to light, reddening of cornea
– Sore throat
– Cracks and redness at corners of mouth
– Painful, smooth, purplish red tongue
– Inflammation characterized by skin lesions
covered with greasy scales
– Migraines and preeclampsia.
• Toxicity symptoms: none reported
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Niacin
• Other names
–
–
–
–
Nicotinic acid
Nicotinamide
Niacinamide
Vitamin B3
• Precursor: dietary tryptophan
• What does it do?
– Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide) and NADP (its phosphate form) used
in energy metabolism
• How much do you need
– Men: 16 mg NE/day
– Women: 14 mg NE/day
– Upper level for adults: 35 mg/day
Niacin
• Where do you get it
– Milk, eggs, meat,
poultry, fish
– Whole-grain and
enriched breads and
cereals
– Nuts
– All protein-containing
foods
Niacin
• Deficiency disease: pellagra
• Deficiency symptoms
– Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting
– Inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright
red tongue
– Depression, apathy, fatigue, loss
of memory, headache
– Bilateral symmetrical rash on
areas exposed to sunlight
The 4-5 D’s.
1. Dermatitis
2. Diarrhea
3. Dementia
4. Death
5. And sometimes
diabetes.
Niacin
• Toxicity symptoms
– Painful flush, hives, and rash (“niacin
flush”)
– Excessive sweating
– Blurred vision
– Liver damage
– Impaired glucose tolerance
• diabetes
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Biotin
• Other Names: none
• Chief functions in the body
– Part of a coenzyme used in energy
metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid
metabolism, and glycogen synthesis
• How much do you need
– Adults: 30 g/day
Biotin
• Where do you get it
– Widespread in foods
– Organ meats, egg
yolks, soybeans,
fish, whole grains
– Also produced by
GI bacteria
Biotin
• Deficiency symptoms
– Depression, lethargy,
hallucinations, numb or
tingling sensation in the
arms and legs
– Red, scaly rash around the
eyes, nose, and mouth
– Hair loss
– Diabetes?
• Toxicity symptoms: none
reported
Pantothenic Acid
• Other Names: None
• What does it do
– Part of coenzyme A, used in energy
metabolism
• How much do you need (1998 adequate
intake (AI))
– Adults: 5 mg/day
Pantothenic Acid
• Where do you get it
– Widespread in foods
– Organ meats, mushrooms, avocados,
broccoli, whole grains
• Easily destroyed by food processing
Pantothenic Acid
• Deficiency symptoms
– Vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps
– Insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability,
restlessness, apathy
– Hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to
insulin
– Gray hair in mice (which is why it is in
shampoo
• Toxicity symptoms: none reported
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6
• Other names
– Pyridoxine
– Pyridoxal
– Pyridoxamine
• Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzymes PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and
PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) used in amino
acid and fatty acid metabolism
– Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to
serotonin (dopamine, NE, and GABA)
– Helps to make red blood cells
– Necessary for processing of cholesterol to
hormones; estrogen, progesterone, testosterone.
Vitamin B6
• How much do you need (1998 RDA)
– Adults (19-50 years): 1.3 mg/day
• Upper level for adults: 100 mg/day
Vitamin B6
• Where do you get it
– Meats, fish, poultry
– Potatoes, legumes,
noncitrus fruits
– Fortified cereals
– Liver
– Soy products
Vitamin B6
• Deficiency symptoms
– Scaly dermatitis
– Anemia (small-cell type)
– Depression, confusion, abnormal brain
wave pattern, convulsions
– Heart disease
– Lymphocyte and Interleukin-2 production.
Vitamin B6
• Toxicity symptoms
– Depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches
– Nerve damage causing numbness and
muscle weakness leading to an inability to
walk and convulsions
– Skin lesions
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Folate: In Summary
• Other names
– Folic acid
– Folacin
– Pteroylglutamic acid (PGA)
• What does it do
– Part of coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF
(dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore
important in new cell formation
• How much do you need (1998 RDA)
– Adults: 400 g/day
• Upper level for adults: 1000 g/day
Folate
• Neural tube
defects
– Spina bifida
Folate Deficiency
• Poor growth, problems in nerve
development and function, diarrhea, etc.
• Megablastic or macrocytic anemia
Folate and Heart Disease and
Cancer
• Low intake of folate
increases blood
homocysteine levels
• Epidemiological and
clinical studies
indicate that higher
dietary folate intake
and blood folate
levels are associated
with lower risks of
certain forms of
cancers
Folate: In Summary
• Where do you get it
– Fortified grains
– Leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds
– Liver
Folate: In Summary
• Deficiency symptoms
– Anemia (large-cell type)
– Smooth, red tongue
– Mental confusion, weakness, fatigue,
irritability, headache
• Toxicity symptoms
– Masks vitamin B12-deficiency symptoms
Vitamin B12: In Summary
• Other names: cobalamin (and related
forms)
• What does it do
– Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and
deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell
synthesis
– Helps to maintain nerve cells
– Reforms folate coenzyme
– Helps to break down some fatty acids and
amino acids
• How much do you need (1998 RDA)
– Adults: 2.4 g/day
Vitamin B12
• Deficiency of folate or B12 produces
pernicious anemia (usually a problem
with the stomach)
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Vitamin B12: In Summary
• Significant sources
– Animal products (meat, fish, poultry,
shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs)
– Fortified cereals
• Easily destroyed by microwave cooking
• Deficiency disease: pernicious anemia
Vitamin B12 — In The Digestive
Tract
• Special
handling
required:
stomach
acid,
enzymes,
and intrinsic
factor
Vitamin B12: In Summary
• Deficiency symptoms
– Anemia (large-cell type)
– Fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves
progressing to paralysis
– Folate deficiency
• Toxicity symptoms: none reported
Vitamin C
• Other name: ascorbic acid
• What does it do
– Collagen synthesis
• Strengthens blood vessel walls,
forms scar tissue, provides matrix
for bone growth
– Antioxidant
– Thyroxin synthesis
– Amino acid metabolism
– Strengthens resistance to
infection
– Helps in absorption of iron
Vitamin C – In The Body
• As a coenzyme for collagen formation
Vitamin C
• How much do you need (2000
RDA)
– Men: 90 mg/day
– Women: 75 mg/day
– Smokers: + 35 mg/day
• Upper level for adults: 2000
mg/day
Vitamin C
• Where do you get it
– Citrus fruits
– Cabbage-type vegetables, dark green
vegetables (such as bell peppers and
broccoli)
– Cantaloupe, strawberries
– Lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes
– Papayas, mangoes
• Easily destroyed by heat
and oxygen
Vitamin C
• Deficiency disease: scurvy
• Deficiency symptoms
– Anemia (small-cell type)
– Atherosclerotic plaques
– Pinpoint hemorrhages, bone fragility, joint
pain
– Poor wound healing, frequent infections,
bleeding gums, loosened teeth
– Muscle degeneration and pain, hysteria,
depression, rough skin, blotchy bruises
Vitamin C
• Toxicity symptoms
– Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
– Headache, fatigue, insomnia
– Hot flashes, rashes
– Interference with medical tests,
aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary
tract problems, kidney stones
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Vitamin And
Mineral Supplements
• Arguments for supplements
– Correct overt deficiencies
– Improve nutrition status
– Reduce disease risks
– Support increased nutrient needs
– Improve the body’s defenses
Vitamin And
Mineral Supplements
• Arguments against supplements
– Toxicity
– Life-threatening misinformation
– Unknown needs
– False sense of security
– Other invalid reasons
Benefits and
Risks of
water-soluble
Vitamin
Supplements