Transcript European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300-1600

European Renaissance and
Reformation, 1300-1600
TWO MOVEMENTS, THE
RENAISSANCE AND THE
REFORMATION, USHER IN
DRAMATIC SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL CHANGES IN EUROPE
Italy: Birthplace of the
Renaissance
During the late Middle Ages
 Europe suffered from war
and the plague
 People began to question
the Church
 People wanted to
celebrate life and the
human spirit
The Renaissance
 Renaissance (rebirth)-an
explosion of creativity in
art, writing, and thought.
 1300-1600
 Why Italy?
 1. Thriving cities
 2. A wealthy
Merchant Class
 3. Classical heritage
of Greece and Rome
1. City-States
 Crusades spur trade
 Growth of large city-states
in northern Italy
 Cities=places where
people exchange ideas
 In 1300s bubonic plague
killed 60% of population,
disrupts economy
 With few opportunities to
expand business,
merchants began to
pursue other interests,
such as art
 How did the cities of Italy help create the
Renaissance?
 City life included wealth, leisure time, and exchange
of ideas
2. A Wealthy Merchant Class
 Merchants
More emphasis on
individual achievement
 Dominated politics
 Banking family, the
Medici family, controls
Florence
 Cosimo de Medici 1434
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Wealthiest European at
time and dictator of
Florence
Lorenzo de Medici 1464
(Cosimo’s grandson)
Also dictator of Florence
 Patron of the arts

3. Inspiration from Greece and Rome
 Middle Ages art and
architecture
 Artists, scholars study
Greeks and Romans
(monasteries kept
documents intact)
 Christian scholars move to
Rome after fall of
Constantinople in 1453
and brought Greek
manuscripts with them
Classical and Worldly Values
 Study of classics lead to
Humanism
 Humanism

Intellectual movement
focused on human potential
and achievements
 Humanists studied classical
texts to understand Greek
values in subjects such as
1.
2.
3.
History
Literature
Philosophy
 How did study of the classics influence branches of
learning such as history, literature, and philosophy?
 Study of classical texts led to a different outlook on
life, one emphasizing human potential and
achievements.
The Good Stuff
 Renaissance society was
secular—worldly

Even church leaders
 Wealthy enjoyed fine
food, homes, clothes,
music
 Humanists suggested that
one can enjoy life without
offending God
Patrons
 Patron-a financial
supporter of artists
 Church leaders spend
money on artworks to
beautify cities
 Wealthy merchants also
patrons of the arts
The Renaissance Man
 Excels in many fields: the
classics, art, politics,
combat
 Baldassre Castiglione’s
The Courtier (1528)
(Should be charming,
witty, well educated in the
classics; should dance,
sing, play music, and
write poetry; should be a
skilled rider, wrestler, and
swordsman)
 The book teaches how to
become a “universal”
person
The Renaissance Woman
 Upper-class, educated in
classics, charming
 Expected to inspire art but
not create it
 Example:
 Isabella d’Este
Born in ruling class in
Ferrara, Italy
 Spoke Greek, Latin
 Musician, dancer, patron
of arts
 Home turned into art
museum
 Involved in politics

Revolution in Art
 Artists use realistic
style copied from
classical art

Portraits of
Individuals
 Painters use
perspective-a way to
show three
dimensions on a
canvas
Realistic Painting and Sculpture
 Realistic portraits of prominent citizens
 Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions
 The Biblical David is a favorite subject among
sculptors
Donatello’s (1386-1466) David
East Door of the Baptistery in Florence
 Created by Lorenzo
Ghiberti’s
 Michelangelo called it the
“Gate of Paradise”
 Ghiberti worked on it for
27 years from 1425-1452
 10 panels in bronze
showing stories from
the Old Testament
East Door of the Baptistery in Florence
Leonardo Da Vinci
 1452-1519
 Painter, sculptor,
inventor, scientist
 Read his writings by
looking at them in a
mirror
Mona Lisa in the Louvre in Paris
 It is thought to be a portrait of
Lisa Gherardini, who at 16
married Francesco del
Giocondo, a wealthy merchant
of Florence who commissioned
the portrait.
 Notice the smile, the shadows,
and the hands
 Why is it famous??
Leonardo
Leonardo--sketches
The Last Supper (Milan)
Michelangelo Buonarroti
 1475-1564
 Renaissance man also
 Painter, sculptor,
architect, and poet
Statue of David in Florence, Italy
 Sculpted from 1501-1504
 18 feet tall
Michelangelo’s Pieta
Michelangelo’s Moses
Michelangelo’s Dome of St. Peter’s in Rome
The Sistine Chapel
The Sistine Chapel in Rome
Michelangelo’s Last Judgment in Sistine Chapel
Raphael
 1483 - 1520
 Younger than
Leonardo and
Michelangelo
 Learned by studying
their works
 Self portrait at right
Raphael
 One of Raphael’s
favorite subjects was
the Madonna and
child.
Sandro Botticelli
 Self portrait and The Birth of Venus
Anguuissola and Gentileschi
 Sofonisba Anguissola:
first woman artist to gain
world renown (self
portrait at right)
 Artemisia Gentileschi
paints strong, heroic
women (self portrait
below)
 How did the humanism of the renaissance reflected
in its art?
 Renaissance celebrates the human body and
individual achievement.
Changes in Literature
 New Trends in Writing
 Writers use vernacular
 Self-expression or to
portray individuality of
their subjects
 Why was it important that writers began writing in
the vernacular?
 More accessible to everyday people; possible to read
literature without learning to speak Latin
Petrarch
 Father of Humanism
 Wrote in Italian and Latin
 Sonnets (14 line poems)
became a model for lyrical
poetry
 Typically about a
woman named Laura
 One of the first people to
use the term “Dark Ages”
Boccaccio
 Decameron
 The stories are told by
a group of young
people waiting in a
villa in Florence to
avoid the plague
Niccolo Machiavelli
 The Prince – political
guidebook
 Examines how rulers can
gain and keep power
 To succeed a prince must
be strong as a lion and
shrewd as a fox.
 The word Machiavellian
describes any crafty or
deceitful action used for
one’s own advantage.
 Why do you think Machiavelli’s writings remain
popular?
 People still interested in getting and keeping power.
Vittoria Colonna
 Woman writer with great
influence
 Poems express personal
emotions
 She exchanged sonnets
with Michelangelo and
helped Castiglione publish
The Courtier.
Italian Renaissance Activities
 Renaissance Man:
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Review the article about
Leonardo Da Vinci being a
“Renaissance Man”.
On a large sheet of paper,
illustrate and include quotes
and activities from the article
that made someone a
“Renaissance Man” OR
Create your own “Modern
Renaissance Man” and include
10-15 qualities that make them
that. Or
Create a resume for a
“Renaissance Man” or one of the
people we have discussed in Ch.
17-1.
 Suggestions to a leader
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Read the primary source
reading of “The Prince”
Then write a “Top 15” list
of qualities a
good/successful leader
needs to have.
Also include your “Top 15”
suggestions on how a
leader should obtain/keep
power as a leader.
 How did humanism influence Renaissance ideas?
 Focused on people and their achievements, so art and
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thought became more concerned with the here and now
Why did church leaders and wealthy merchants support the
arts?
Showed their importance by having portraits painted and
decorating churches and other public places
What were the differences and similarities between upperclass Renaissance men and women?
Both were expected to know the classics, but most women
lacked political power
 What were the differences between the Middle Ages
and the Renaissance in the attitude toward
pleasures?
 In the Middle Ages, some people believed that denial
of worldly pleasures would please God. During the
Renaissance, many believed that god intended them
to enjoy those things.
True or False
 1. During the Renaissance, patrons of the arts were people
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who frequented many of art festivals.
False
2. The technique of perspective was used by Renaissance
painters to show three dimensions on a flat surface
True
3. The Renaissance, a movement that started in Germany
and lasted 300 years, brought about a growth of creativity
in art, writing, and thought.
False
 4. The general emphasis of the Renaissance movement was religious.
 False
 5. The Prince, by Machiavelli, stated that people are selfish and
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corrupt, and that a prince should be feared more than loved.
True
6. Some Renaissance writers wrote in the vernacular, or in the author’s
native language.
True
7. An intellectual movement called humanism focused on scientific
information about the human body.
False
8. “Renaissance men” were men who mastered many fields of
endeavor.
True