Transcript Biochemistry Notes - Metcalfe County Schools

Vocabulary Week #2
 1. monomer- single unit of a macromolecule.
 2. polymer- large macromolecule comprised of many
monomers.
 3. catalyst- something that speeds up a reaction.
 4. enzyme- protein that acts as a catalyst.
 5. calibrate- to adjust precisely for a particular function.
 6. saccharide- sugar
 7. amino acid- monomer of a protein
 8. covalent bond- strongest bond type, electrons shared
 9. ionic bond- bond where electrons are transferred.
Why are we learning about
inorganic molecules when Biology
focuses on living organisms?
EOC Level 2
EOC Level 3
SEQUENCE
 Place the steps of the scientific method in sequential
order.
 Hint: Sequential is the adj. for sequence.
 Place post it on the yellow sheet with your first and last
name.
Bellringer 8-20-13
 Create a Bar graph for the following Poverty Guidelines
for America 2013.
Number in Household
Annual Income
1
$11,490
2
$15,510
3
$19,530
4
$23,550
5
$27,579
6
$31,590
7
$35,610
8
$39,630
Levels of Organization
Atoms
Molecules/
Compounds
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organisms
Similarities to Biology
While all organisms are different; all share some similiarities
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Composed of Cells
Levels of Organization
Use energy
Respond to the Environment/
Stimuli
Growth & Development
Reproduction
Adapt to Environment-Evolve
Homeostasis
Universal Genetic Code-DNA
Atoms
 Atoms are the smallest
unit of matter.
 Matter is anything that
takes up space and has
mass.
Atomic Composition
 Protons- positive
charge, located in
nucleus.
 Neutrons- neutral,
located in nucleus.
 Electrons-negative
charge, located in
electron shells
around the
nucleus.
Figure 2.2 The Periodic Table (Part 1)
Terminology
 Element- pure
substance, made of only
one kind of atom
 Compound & Molecules-
two or more elements
held together by bonds
Element Importance to Organisms
 98% of living organisms
are composed of the
following elements:
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Nitrogen
 Phosphorous
 Sulfur
Chemical Bonds
 Chemical bond is when atoms bond together to form a
molecule.
 3 Types of Chemical Bonds:
 Covalent
bonds
 Ionic bonds
 Hydrogen bonding
Bellringer 8-21-13
Covalent Bonds- atoms share electrons
to form a molecule
Ionic Bonds- electrons are transferred
between atoms.
 “Opposites attract”
 Cations
 Anions
Hydrogen Bonds- weak bonds between
water molecules.
Assignment refer to p. 36, 38, 41
 Draw the atomic structure of Carbon: Label protons,
neutrons, electrons.
Assignment
 Draw lines on your notebook paper to make six boxes.
 Write the name of the six major elements in
organisms.
 Diagram the atomic nucleus and surrounding
electrons. Make sure the atom structure is accurate.
 Protons-green
 Neutrons-blue
 Electrons-red
EOC Lev. 2
Graphing Practice
 Graph the following information using a line graph.
 Bond Type (x axis)
 Covalent Bond
 Ionic Bond
 Hydrogen Bond
 Van der Waals
Bond Strength (y axis)
50
7
3
1
Vocab Practice
 What is the difference between a monomer and a
polymer?
Water
 Held together by weak
hydrogen bonds.
1. Cohesion
 1. Cohesion-water’s
ability to stick to other
water molecules.
 This causes:
 Surface tension
 Capillary action
 Walking on water
2. Adhesion
 2. Adhesion-the ability of water
to stick to other substances.
 This causes:
 Capillary action
 Water moving up a tree’s
vessels
3. Polarity
 Polarity= ability to
dissolve= universal
solvent
 Think tea, KoolAid,
sugar and salt water
4. Water Density
 Ice is less dense than
liquid water= floats.
 Aquatic organisms do
not die in the winter.
5. High Specific Heat
 Takes a lot of energy
to raise the
temperature of water.
 Water will moderate
climate because of its
high heat capacity.
6. High Heat of Vaporization
 Takes a lot of heat
energy to change water
from a liquid to a gas.
 This causes:
 Evaporative
cooling/sweating
Anticipatory Set
 1. What is the difference between cohesion and
adhesion?
 2. Which variable do you control: independent or
dependent?
Bellringer Graded Today- Week 1
 1. ______- educated guess
 2. ______- variable given to the experimental group,
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controlled by scientist
3. _____- measured by scientist, experiment outcome
4. _____- group that receives no independent variable
5. _____- group that receives independent variable
6. _____- explains how nature works, many hypotheses
proven multiple times
7. _____-explains what nature does under certain
conditions, but does not explain why (math laws)
8. _____- way scientists investigate
Vocabulary Week #2
 9. _____- single unit of a macromolecule.
 10._____- large macromolecule comprised of many
monomers.
 11._____- something that speeds up a reaction.
 12._____ protein that acts as a catalyst.
 13.- to adjust precisely for a particular function.
 14._____- sugar
 15._____ monomer of a protein
 16. _____- strongest bond type, electrons shared
 17._____- bond where electrons are transferred.
Vocabulary Week #3
 18. _____ compound that has carbon and hydrogen
 19._____- compound that is missing carbon or hydrogen.
 20. _____- atom that has a different number of neutrons.
(C12, C14)
 21. _____- two
 22. _____- many
 TEST TOMORROW…IT WILL BE TIMED 40 MINUTES.
Vocabulary Week #3
 1. organic- compound that has carbon and hydrogen
 2. inorganic- compound that is missing carbon or
hydrogen.
 3. isotope- atom that has a different number of
neutrons. (C12, C14)
 4. di- two
 5. poly- many
 TEST ON FRIDAY…IT WILL BE TIMED 40 MINUTES.
EOC Lev. 2
Scientific Method Practice
 A hunter wants to attract the largest buck to his food
plot. He has heard of several ways of doing this, and
wants to design an experiment to try out a method
other than just planting corn. For our purposes he has
1000 acres with one water source through the whole
property.
 Propose Hypothesis:
 Experimental Group:
Control Group:
 Dependent variable:
Independent variable:
pH Scale
 Water molecules have a strong affinity for one another, but
can break apart.
 H2O « H+ + OH-
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water
hydrogen
hydroxide
ion
 More H = acid
 More OH = base
ion
pH Scale
•Each
number
represents a
jump in ten.
•Buffers can
be added to
maintain
homeostasis.
pH is a Log scale
pH Practice
 pH 1-2:___
 pH 4-8: ___
 pH 3-7: ___
 pH 5-10: ___
Calculate pH differences in H concentration
 pH 2- pH 5
 pH 1- pH 3
 pH 1- pH 2
 pH 10- pH 14
 pH 3- pH 8
 pH 3- pH 7
 pH 7 – pH 10
 pH 5 – pH 10
 pH 1- pH 14
 pH 1- pH 11
Inquiry Lab #2: pH
 Create a table as shown below to record substance & pH.
Substance
pH
 Create a pH scale, and record your substances. Must
have 10 substances on scale.
 Answer the following:
 1. Why do most of the food substances measured have a
pH close to 7.
 2. Label acids, Bases, Neutral,
 3. What does pH measure?
 4. Compare acidic and basic solutions in terms of their
H+ and OH- ion concentrations.
Bellringer 8-28-13
 SUMMARIZE the difference between a
monomer and a polymer?
 SUMMARIZE the difference between an acid
and a base.
 Name the property of water responsible for:
 Evaporative cooling (sweating)=
 Climate moderation=
EOC Level 3 & 3
EOC Level 3 & Level 2
EOC Level 2
Elements present in your body
.
.
.
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.
 If carbon is present then the compound is considered
___________.
Four Classes of Organic
Biomolecules
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids or fats
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
 Contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio.
 Function:
 provide energy in plants and animals
 cell support in plants.
 Carbohydrates are the most readily available energy
source when ingested. Main energy supply.
Carbohydrates
 When carbs are broken down, energy is released as
ATP.
 If the energy is unneeded, then the glucose is stored:
 Glycogen: in the liver or muscles.
 Cellulose and starch: in plants.
Carbohydrate Structure
 1 carbohydrate = ______________
 Glucose- most important, plant sugar
 Fructose- fruit sugar
 Galactose-milk sugar
 When two monosaccharides combine they create
a_______________
sucrose — table sugar = glucose + fructose
lactose — milk sugar = glucose + galactose
maltose — malt sugar = glucose + glucose
Many monosaccharides = ________________
After ingesting carbohydrates, where do they
go?
 Carbohydrate Digestion Animation
Carbohydrate Structure
 Carbohydrates can be isomers: same chemical
formula, but different structural formula.
Figure 3.15 Disaccharides Are Formed by Glycosidic Linkages (Part 2)
ThiThis is cellobiose, a subunit of cellulose, humans don’t have the enzymes
to break this down, but cows do. To us it is merely roughage.
Cellulose is a very stable glucose polymer, and is the principle component of
cell walls.
Dehydration Synthesis aka
Polymerization
 Process by which complex carbohydrates are made.
 From the name it can be inferred that water is removed,
resulting in a glycosidic bond.
 Examples of polysaccharides:
 Starch-stored excess plant sugars
 Cellulose-plant cell wall formation
 Glycogen-stored excess animal sugar.
 To break apart carbohydrates hydrolysis must occur, i.e. the
addition of water.
 http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htm
l
Lipids
 Lipid monomer: glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid
molecules .
 Contain C, H, O
 Long term energy
 Fats, oils, wax, steroids
cholesterol
Nonpolar= do not dissolve
Figure 3.18 Synthesis of a Triglyceride
Energy and Calories
 Calorie is a unit of energy.
 To sustain life: women 60cal/hr = 1440cal/day

men 70cal/hr = 1680cal/day
 Carbs have 4cal/g
 Fats have 9cal/g
 Need to eat from all groups to stay healthy.
Inquiry Lab #2: Calculating Food
Calories
 Use the food labels around the room to gather calorie
information.
 Calculate
 cal./g
 cal./100g
 Complete bar graph with the food type and calories
per serving. Remember TALKS!
Lipids
 There are three types of fatty acids:
 Saturated fatty acid- all C-C are single, max number of H
atoms, solid at room temp., ex. butter and meat fat
 Unsaturated fatty acid-C-C are double or triple, usually
liquid at room temp., ex. Peanut, corn, and olive oils
 Polyunsaturated fatty acid- many C-C double or triple
bonds, ex. Canola and vegetable oil.
Bellringer 9-3-13
 Create a pie graph using the following questions.
 ¼ graph state your favorite kind of vehicle
 ¼ graph state your favorite type of pizza topping
 1/8 graph state your least favorite school lunch
 1/8 state your favorite color
 1/8 state your ideal job
 1/8 state your favorite season
Level 3
Level 2
Carbohydrate & Lipid Review
Carbohydrates
Lipids
 Elements present: _________
 Elements Present: _________
 Function: ________________
 Function: ________________
 Source: __________________
 Source: __________________
 Examples: ________________
 Examples:________________
Exit Slip 9-3-12
 Create a model of a carbohydrate and a lipid
as shown on your sheet.
 Make sure that it is initialed for credit.
Bellringer 9-4-13
 GENERALIZE the similarities between carbohydrates
and lipids. GENERALIZE their differences.
 1. Complete your carbohydrate model.
 2. Complete your lipid molecule.
 3. Exit Slip due today.
 4. Grade Conferences Today
 5. Homework Due Tomorrow.
Proteins
 Contain: C, H, O, N, P, and S
 Monomers of proteins are amino acids.
 Amino acids link by peptide bonds to form
polypeptide chains.
 Proteins must fold to be functional.
Essential Amino Acids
 Over 20 amino acids
 11 non-essential
 9 essential
 Phenyalanine
 Valine
 Threonine
 Tryptophan
 These 9 are essential
because they cannot be
synthesized by the body
and must be
supplemented.
 Isoleucine
 Methionine
 Leucine
 Lysine
 Histidine
Proteins
 Function of Proteins:
 antibodies (immunity)
 enzymes
 cell structure
 energy storage.
 Can be found in meats/muscle, collagen (in cells),
keratin (hair and nails).
Vocabulary List #4
 1. Monosaccharide- one sugar
 2. Disaccharide- two sugars
 3. Polysaccharide- many sugars
 4. Lipid- made of many units of glycerol + 3 fatty
acids
 5. Enzyme- protein that acts as a catalyst
 6. Metabolism- all chemical reactions in the body
 7. Catabolism- metabolism that involves breaking
down e.g. food
 8. Anabolism- metabolism that involved building up
e.g. steroids
Level 2
Enzymes
 Enzymes are proteins that are catalysts that speed up
chemical reactions in cells.
 “ase”= enzymes
 Enzymes form an enzyme-substrate complex , and speed
up catabolic processes.
 Enzyme Animation
Metabolism
 Metabolism = chemical reactions in your body
 Catabolism= breakdown
 Anabolism= building up
 The energy it takes to get a chemical reaction started is
called the activation energy.
 Some reactions take a long time; therefore, need a
catalyst.
 Catalyst-substance that speeds up the reaction
 Catabolic Anabolic
Animations
 Body Tract Animation
 ADAM Animation
 40s Food Digestion
Enzymes Sketch
 Title the Page: Types of Metabolism, and divide sheet in 1/2
 Draw Anabolism and Catabolism
 Be sure to include these terms on both drawings:
 Substrate
 Product
 Active site
 Enzyme
 Enzyme-substrate complex
Exit Slip 9-9-13
A
Vocabulary List #4
 1. ___________- one sugar
 2. ___________- two sugars
 3. ___________- many sugars
 4. ___________- made of many units of glycerol + 3
fatty acids
 5. ___________- protein that acts as a catalyst
 6. ___________- all chemical reactions in the body
 7. ___________- metabolism that involves breaking
down e.g. food
 8. ___________- metabolism that involved building
up e.g. steroids
Quiz Tomorrow Review
 Elements in a carbohydrate: ____________
 Elements in a lipid: ____________
 Function of a Carbohydrate: _____________
 Function of a lipid: _______________
 Monomer of a Carbohydrate: _________________
 Monomer of a lipid: ___________________________
 Carbohydrates are polar/nonpolar
 Lipids are polar/nonpolar
Energy and Calories
 Calorie is a unit of energy.
 To sustain life: women 60cal/hr = 1440cal/day

men 70cal/hr = 1680cal/day
 Carbs have 4cal/g
 Fats have 9cal/g
 Need to eat from all groups to stay healthy.
So which exercise is good for you?
Activity
100 #
150#
200#
Biking 6mph
160
240
312
Biking 12mph
270
410
534
Jumping Rope (10
min.)
500
750
100
Running 5.5mph
440
660
962
Running 7 mph
610
920
1230
Running 10mph
850
1280
1664
Swimming
25yd./min.
185
275
358
Swimming 50
yd./min.
325
500
650
Tennis Singles
265
400
535
Walking 2mph
160
240
312
Walking 3mph
210
320
416
Walking 4.5mph
295
440
572
After you Swallow…Where does it go?
 Digestion Animation
 Lipid Metabolism
Nucleic Acids
 Contain: C, H, O, N, P
 Monomer : nucleotide
which consists of a sugar,
a phosphate, and a
nitrogenous base.
 Two Types of Nucleic
Acids: DNA and RNA
deoxyribose=sugar DNA
ribose=sugar RNA
 Codes for genetic
information
Question of the Day
 What are the four classes
of biomolecules?
 What are you planning
on doing over
Thanksgiving break?
 Do your plans relate to
your aspirations you
wrote down on the first
day?