Transcript Classification

3/9 BELL WORK
What do the following have in common?
Jet, obsidian, charcoal
3/9 SCHEDULE
Notes Ch 18.1 “Importance of Classification”
Work time
• Finish Evolution Test
• Animal Grouping Activity due FRIDAY
Assignments:
1. Animal Grouping Activity due FRIDAY
UNIT: CLASSIFICATION
1.
2.
Objectives:
Use taxonomy to identify and group organisms.
Define cladistics and use to show relatedness of
organisms.
CH 18.1 “THE IMPORTANCE OF
CLASSIFICATION”
Objectives
1. Explain the benefits of a taxonomic systems.
2. Describe the information in a scientific name.
3. Identify the structure of the modern Linnaean system of
classification.
THE NEED FOR SYSTEMS
About 1.7 million species have been named and described by
scientists.
Scientists think that millions more are undiscovered.
THE NEED FOR SYSTEMS
Taxonomy: practice of naming and classifying organisms
• Organizes knowledge of organisms.
• Attempts to consistently name and categorize organisms.
• Taxonomic systems DO NOT use common names, which may
be confusing because they are different in different places.
Is this a mountain lion, cougar, puma… ?
THE NEED FOR SYSTEMS
Taxonomic Systems
• use categories from large to small to organize organisms.
• Each of these categories is a taxon (plural, taxa).
SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE
Various systems were invented in the early days of European
biology.
• Used long, descriptive Latin phrases called polynomials.
• Names were inconsistent.
• The only taxon which was consistent was the genus, for
similar species.
SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE
Binomial Nomenclature
• Developed by Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus in the 1750s.
• Two-word naming system
• Includes the genus name and a single descriptive species word,
aka scientific name.
Carl Linnaeus, a Homo sapien according to his system.
SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE
Naming Rules
• No two species have exactly the same scientific name.
• All scientific names have two Latin or Latin-like terms.
• All the members of a genus share the genus name.
• The species identifier, and is often descriptive. (color, size,
location)
SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE
EX: The scientific name Apis mellifera is the European honeybee.
mellifera comes from the Latin word for honey.
Format: Genus species or Genus species
THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM
Linnaeus’ System classified all plants and animals that were
known during his time.
Organisms are grouped at successive levels of the hierarchy based
on similarities in their form and structure.
8 Modern Levels of Classification
1. domain
5. order
2. kingdom
6. family
3. phylum
7. genus
4. class
8. species
Remember the order…
Dotty King Phillip cried,
“Oh for goodness sake!”
3/10 BELL WORK
Solve the word puzzles.
3/10 SCHEDULE
AIMS info
AIMS Study Guide
• Answer questions. Include statement to explain answer.
Work time
• Animal Grouping Activity due TODAY
Assignments:
1. Animal Grouping Activity due TODAY
3/20 BELL WORK
Solve the word puzzles.
3/20 SCHEDULE
Dissection Permission Slips – due WEDNESDAY
Notes Ch 18.1-18.2 “Modern Systematics”
AIMS Study Guide – due TODAY
• Answer questions. Include statement to explain answer.
Assignments:
1. Animal Grouping Activity LATE
2. AIMS Study Guide – TODAY
3. Dissection Permission Slips - WEDNESDAY
BIOLOGICAL HIERARCHY OF
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION OF A BEE
THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM
Domain
• Invented after Linnaeus’ time.
• Recognizes the most basic differences among the three cell
types.
THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM
Kingdom encompasses large groups (ex plants, animals, fungi)
Six kingdoms
Phylum is a subgroup within kingdom.
Class is a subgroup of a phylum.
THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM
Order is a subgroup of class.
Family is a subgroup within an order.
Genus (plural, genera) is a subgroup
within family.
THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM
Binomial Example:
EX: Homo sapien is recognized as the only living primate species
that walks upright and uses spoken language.
Homo sapien sapiens are humans
Homo sapien neanderthals were Neanderthals
CH 18.2 “MODERN SYSTEMATICS”
Objectives:
1. Describe problems that arise when scientists try to group
organisms by apparent similarities.
2. Use cladistics used to construct evolutionary relationships.
CLASSIFICATION’S GOING TO THE
DOGS…
Name as many of these different kinds of dog-like animals you
can. Most of them belong to the same genus, Canis. Identify
which you think are the same species.
TRADITIONAL SYSTEMATICS
Problematic Systematics
Scientists traditionally used similarities in appearance and
structure to group organisms.
Issues…
• Some groups look similar but turn out to be distantly related.
• Other groups look different but are closely related.
TRADITIONAL SYSTEMATICS,
CONTINUED
EX: Dinosaurs vs. Birds
• Dinosaurs were seen as a group of reptiles that became
extinct.
• Birds were a separate, modern group not related to any
reptiles.
TRADITIONAL SYSTEMATICS,
CONTINUED
EX: Dinosaurs vs. Birds
• Fossil evidence has convinced scientists that birds evolved
from a dinosaur lineage
• Some scientists classify birds as a subgroup of dinosaurs.
PHYLOGENETICS
Phylogeny: studying the ancestral relationships between species.
• Grouping by similar structures is often assumed to reflect
relationships, but isn’t always accurate
• EX: wings
Birds, insects, and bats have wings.
They are not closely related.
WELCOME TO 4TH QUARTER
1st Hr : Please find your new seat.
Brigham M.
Joy C.
Angela
Nino
Normisha
M.
Malena W.
Tiny F.
Jaime G.
WELCOME TO 4TH QUARTER
6th Hr : Please find your new seat.
Raeana G.
Chasity B
Jenna R.
Gerald M.
Becca M.
Leigh D.
Aiyana S.
WELCOME TO 4TH QUARTER
7th Hr : Please find your new seat.
Kiara W.
Kendall S.
Hanna H-M
Shanae D.
Melanie K.
3/21 BELL WORK
Duncan Drivel hailed a cab and they headed to his destination.
He started chattering non-stop to the driver who quickly tired
of hearing him talk. The driver finally looked in the rearview
mirror and said, “My hearing aid broke this morning. Without
it I’m completely deaf.” Duncan eventually paid his fare and
got out.
How did Duncan finally figure out the cabbie was lying?
3/21 SCHEDULE
Dissection Permission Slips – due WEDNESDAY
Notes Ch 18.2 “Modern Systematics”
AIMS Study Guide –Check answers with desk groups
Binomial Nomenclature and Phylogeny packet – due FRIDAY
Assignments:
1. Animal Grouping Activity LATE
2. AIMS Study Guide – LATE
3. Dissection Permission Slips - WEDNESDAY
PHYLOGENETICS, CONTINUED
Convergent evolution can make phylogenics difficult
• Groups are not closely related, but have adopted similar
habitats or lifestyles.
• Such features are called analogous characters.
PHYLOGENETICS, CONTINUED
Fossil evidence now shows that
birds are considered part of
the “family tree” of dinosaurs.
This phylogenetic tree, shows a
hypothesis of the relationships
between reptile groups.
CLADISTICS
Cladistics: careful comparisons of shared characteristics.
• Objective method uniting systematics with phylogenetics.
• Selects the most likely phylogeny among a given set of
organisms (principle of parsimony).
CLADISTICS, CONTINUED
Cladistics
• focuses on finding shared characters between different groups
because of shared ancestry.
• Ancestral characters are thought to have evolved in a common
ancestor of both groups.
• Derived characters evolved in one group but not the other.
CLADISTICS
EX: All living conifers, flowering plants, and some prehistoric
plants produce seeds.
Ancestral Character: Seed production
Derived Character: Flower production, only in flowering plants
CLADISTICS, CONTINUED
Scientists construct a cladogram to show relationships between
groups.
•
Cladogram is a phylogenetic tree drawn according to specific
rules.
CLADISTICS, CONTINUED
Cladogram Rules
1. Organisms are grouped together by IDing their shared
derived characters.
2. All groups that arise from one point on a cladogram belong
to a clade.
Clade: a set of groups that descend from a single ancestral
lineage.
CLADISTICS, CONTINUED
Cladogram Rules
3. Each clade is compared with an outgroup that lacks one/more
of the shared characteristics.
Conifers and flowering plants form a clade.
Ferns are the outgroup.
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Scientific names are like a puzzle. They help you figure out how
species are related, and often give clues about their
appearance/behavior/location.
Cyano = blue
Tri = 3
Hydro = water
Leo = lion
Match the pictures with their scientific names.
Trillium grandiflorum
Leontodon autumnalis
Cyanocitta cristata
Hydrophyllum virginianum
3/22 BELL WORK
Create an equation with parentheses whose answer is 22.
EX: 2(5+6) = 22
3/22 SCHEDULE
Dissection Permission Slips – due TODAY
AIMS TEST!!
Work
• Binomial Nomenclature and Phylogeny packet – due FRIDAY
• Missing Ch 18 notes
Assignments:
1. Animal Grouping Activity LATE
2. AIMS Study Guide – LATE
3. Dissection Permission Slips - TODAY
INFERRING EVOLUTIONARY
RELATEDNESS,
Morphological Evidence
• Morphology: physical structure or anatomy of organisms.
• Large-scale morphological evidence, like seeds and flowers,
have been well studied.
• Scientists must look carefully at similar traits, to avoid using
analogous characters.
INFERRING EVOLUTIONARY
RELATEDNESS, CONTINUED
Molecular Evidence
• Genetic information can also assist phylogenies.
• Genes, and sometimes mutations, are passed on
• Some mutations may be passed on to all species that have a
common ancestor.
INFERRING EVOLUTIONARY
RELATEDNESS, CONTINUED
Molecular Evidence
• Genetic sequence data are now widely used.
• First, the sequence of DNA bases in a gene (or of amino acids
in a protein) is determined.
• Then, each letter (or amino acid) at each position is compared.
SIMILARITIES IN AMINO ACID
SEQUENCES
INFERRING EVOLUTIONARY
RELATEDNESS, CONTINUED
Evidence of Order and Time
Cladistics can determine only the relative order of divergence.
The fossil record can often be used to infer the actual time when
a group may have“branched off.”
Ex: Scientists have identified lancets as the closest relative of
vertebrates. The oldest vertebrate fossils are 450 mil years old,
but lancet fossils could be 535 mil years old
INFERRING EVOLUTIONARY
RELATEDNESS, CONTINUED
These two lineages must have diverged more than 535 million
years ago.
Lancet
Vertebrates
INFERRING EVOLUTIONARY RELATEDNESS, CONTINUED
Mutations occur at relatively
constant rates, so they can be
an approximate “genetic
clock.”
Scientists can measure the
genetic differences between
taxa and estimate time of
divergence.
3/23 BELL WORK
Solve the word puzzles.
3/23 SCHEDULE
Dissection Permission Slips?
Notes Ch 18.3 “Kingdoms and Domains”
Start 6 Kingdoms Brochure – due MONDAY
Assignments:
1. Dissection Permission Slips – LATE
2. Binomial nomenclature packet - FRIDAY
KINGDOMS?!?
How many biology Kingdoms can you name?
CH 18.3 “KINGDOMS AND
DOMAINS”
Objectives:
1. Describe how the Kingdoms have changed over time.
2. Identify the modern Kingdoms and Domains.
UPDATING CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEMS
Classification Timeline
2 Kingdoms: Greeks through Linnaeus
1. Plantae
2. Animalia
4 Kingdoms: 1800s
3. Protista – single celled eukaryotes
4. Monera – bacteria
5 Kingdoms: 1950s
5. Fungi
Protist
Fungi
UPDATING CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEMS, CONTINUED
Classification Timeline
6 Kingdoms: 1990s genetic data splits Kingdom Monera
5. Eubacteria
6. Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
PHYLOGENETIC DIAGRAM OF
MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANISMS
THE THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM,
CONTINUED
Major taxa are defined by major characteristics:
1. Cell Type: prokaryotic or eukaryotic
2. Cell Walls: absent or present
3. Body Type: unicellular or multicellular
4. Nutrition: autotroph (makes own food) or heterotroph (gets
nutrients from other organisms)
KINGDOM AND DOMAIN
CHARACTERISTICS
THE THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM
Domain Archaea vs. Domain Bacteria
Called archaea vs bacteria
• Archaea have a unique cell wall, membranes, and genetic
system.
• Bacteria have a cell wall and a unique genetic system, but their
cell membrane is like eukaryotes.
THE THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM
Archaea are often extremophiles
Many found in extreme environments
• salt lakes (halophiles)
• deep ocean
• hot springs that exceeded 100°C (thermoacidophiles)
• oxygen-free environments (methanogens )
THE THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM,
Domain Eukarya has 4 Kingdoms
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Protista
• Animalia.
Members are composed of cells with organelles.
THE THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM
The major groups of eukaryotes are defined by number of cells,
body organization, and types of nutrition.
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
Protista
THE THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM
Plantae
• Almost all are autotrophs that produce their own food by
photosynthesis.
• Their cell walls are made of a cellulose.
• More than 350,000 known species of plants exist.
Parasitic ghost plants
Durian fruit
THE THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM
Animalia
• Animals are multicellular heterotrophs.
Goliath beetle
• Their bodies may be simple collections of cells or complex
networks of organ systems.
• Cells lack a rigid cell wall.
• More than 1 million known species.
Sun Bear
THE THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM,
CONTINUED
Fungi
• Fungi are heterotrophs that are mostly multicellular.
• Cell walls made chitin.
Mold
• Considered to be more closely related to animals than to any
other kingdom.
• More than 70,000 known species of fungi exist.
Mushroom
THE THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM,
CONTINUED
Protista
A “leftover” taxon… diverse group not descended from a
common ancestor
Volvox
Members often reclassified into the other Kingdoms, although
some scientists propose creating a few new Kingdoms for the
others.
Dinoflagellate
CLADOGRAM REVIEW
Make a cladogram that shows how they are related. Don’t forget the derived
characters!
cells
legs
6 legs
wings
fly
spider
ant
worm
1.
2.
Are worms and ants or worms and spiders more closely related? Why?
Now make a dichotomous key to separate these organisms.
3/27 BELL WORK
You have a cube 5 cm on a side.
Find the volume and surface area. Don’t forget units!
3/27 SCHEDULE
Dissection Permission Slips?
Review and notes on Dichotomous Keys
Work
• 6 Kingdoms Brochure – due TODAY
• Dichotomous Key Wksht
Test Ch 18 “Classification” on
WEDNESDAY
Assignments:
1. Dissection Permission Slips – LATE
2. Binomial nomenclature packet - FRIDAY
CLASSIFICATION AND
CLADOGRAM REVIEW
1. Put the following in order from biggest to smallest: domain,
species, family, kingdom.
2. Linnaeus included “domain” in his classification system.
T/F
3. You are looking for the relationships between fish, dogs, and
birds. What derived characters could you use to separate
them?
DICHOTOMOUS BRAINSTORM
Look at the dichotomous key on the next page and try to figure out the rules
on how to write them. Then ID the Norns.
Norns belong to the genus Norno and can be divided into eight species.
DICHOTOMOUS BRAINSTORM
Dichotomous Key on Norns
1. A. Has pointed ears .................................... go to 3
B. Has rounded ears ....................................go to 2
2. A. Has no tail ............................................. Kentuckyus
B. Has tail .................................................. Dakotus
3. A. Ears point upward .................................... go to 5
B. Ears point downward ..............go to 4
4 .A. Engages in waving behavior ............................. Dallus
B. Has hairy tufts on ears ..........................................Californius
5. A. Engages in waving behavior ............................. WalaWala
B. Does not engage in waving behavior....................go to 6
6. A. Has hair on head ............................................. Beverlus
B. Has no hair on head (may have ear tufts) .......go to 7
7. A. Has a tail ............................................. Yorkio
B. Has no tail, aggressive ............................ Rajus
DICHOTOMOUS SHOES
Now let’s practice making our own key!!
Rules:
1. Always 2 options (has/lacks, red/blue, up/down, left/right)
2. Answer is either “go to #” or one of the objects.
3. Avoid judgment calls like pretty, ugly, etc.
Everyone take off your shoes!
Put one of the front desk, and other by the closet door.
Here we go…
STOP NOTES
ALIEN TAXONOMY
1.
Separate the organisms into two groups. These are your Kingdoms.
Name descriptively.
2.
Divide each Kingdom into Phyla based on similar characteristics. Name
each Phylum.
3.
Divide each Phylum into Genera. Choose Genus names.
4.
Pick a descriptive species word for each creature. (size, shape, number…)
5.
Make a flow chart that shows how you organized the creatures and their
names.
DICHOTOMOUS KEY REVIEW
Work in pairs or by yourself.
Create a dichotomous key that could be used to ID people in this class.
10 minutes to work, then we test your key!
Remember…
1. There should always be two options (A/B, Girl/Boy, etc)
2. Avoid judgment calls like pretty, ugly, fat, skinny, dirty…
3. Keep it school appropriate and be considerate of other peoples’ feelings!!
10 points, automatic 0 for breaking Rule #2-3