Transcript 英语与文化之英国文化2
History and Anthology of English Literature 英国文学史及选读 Different Stages of British Literature • I. The Anglo-Saxon Period (about 449-1066) II. The Anglo-Norman Period (Middle Ages) ( about 1066-1350) • III. The Renaissance ( the latter part of the 15th Century – the beginning of 17th century) • IV. The 17th Century (The Period of Revolution and Restoration ) • V. The 18th Century (The Age of Enlightenment) • VI. The Romantic Period ( 1798-1832 ) • VII. The Victorian Age (The Age of Critical Realism) ( 1830’s- 1918 ) • VIII. British Modernism ( 1918-1945 ) • The Contemporary Literature ( 1945now ) Development of Literature • 1 Three stages of English language development: i. Old English /Anglo-Saxon (OE. As the language up to 1066 is usu. called) The old English language, also called Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest form of English. It is difficult to give exact dates for the rise and development of a language, because it does not change suddenly; but perhaps it is true to say that Old English was spoken from about AD. 600 to about 1100. ii. Middle English (about 1100-1500) iii. Modern English (about 1500-present) Course book： • • • • • • • • «英国文学史及选读» 一册，吴伟仁 编 扩充性资料 《英国中古时期文学史》 李赋宁 外语教学与研究出版社 《英国文艺复兴时期文学史》 王佐良 外语教学与研究出版社 《英国十八世纪文学史》 吴景荣 外语教学与研究出版社 《英国十九世纪文学史》 钱青 外语教学与研究出版社 《英国二十世纪文学史》 王佐良 外语教学与研究出版社 《英国文学学习指南》 张鑫友 湖北科学技术出版社 《英国通史》 侯维瑞 上海外语教育出版社 The English Renaissance 16th-mid 17th century Background • The Renaissance is an epoch时期，时代 of social and cultural development not only for all Western Europe but also for England. • Great changes have taken place in England in every aspect. A. Politically: • a. The absolute monarchy君主专制政体 was formed in England. King Henry VIII broke off with the Pope(天主教)教皇;罗马教皇 so that the secular现世的;世俗的;非宗教的 and religious power was consolidated合并,联合,统一 under one king. • b. The old English aristocracy贵族 was taken the place by a new nobility totally dependent on the king’s power. • c. The class of bourgeoisie composed of由… 组成，构成 the rich merchants and handicraftsmen手工业者 living in the cities came into being出现，形成. The War of Roses • York • Lancaster In 1485, Henry VII (1485-1509) , who belonged to the Lancaster family, came to the throne & founded the Tudor dynasty都铎王 朝 . He was a very strong king and married the daughter of York’s family, completed the selfdestruction of nobles as a ruling class Henry VIII (1509-1547), a learned king, a lover of music & fine arts. He brought the Renaissance into England. He had tremendous influence upon the thinking of the time. Henry VIII and his six wives King Henry VIII • 亨利八世（生于1491年6月28日–卒于1547年1月 28日)是英国都铎王朝的第二位国王，亨利七世次 子。他自1509年4月22日开始在位，这时英国已 经逐渐从一个欧洲偏远蛮荒的小国发展成为有影 响的大国，他的父亲亨利七世在位时，执行睦邻 友好政策，将两个女儿分别嫁给苏格兰和法国的 王储，为自己长子娶西班牙公主凯瑟琳为妻。但 婚后不久他的长子因病去世，当时西班牙和法国 不和，他为了维持中立不得罪西班牙王室，力图 挽留长媳，经向教皇请示，（根据天主教教规夫 妻结合是上帝的旨意，不允许离婚再嫁娶，丧偶 再嫁也需要教皇批准。）教皇批准可以再嫁他的 次子，当时只有12岁的亨利八世。 • 亨利八世18岁即位并娶寡嫂凯瑟琳，但他妻子只 为他生了一个女儿玛丽（后来的玛丽一世）以后 几次生育的孩子都早夭，此前英国尚未有过女王， 而且有迷信说法说弟娶兄嫂不吉，他又和女侍官 产生了婚外情，他让自己的主教宰相向教皇申请 离婚，因为他这次婚姻是教皇亲自批准的，这为 教皇出了一个难题，因为当时教廷亦不想得罪有 强大势力的西班牙。教廷迟迟不能批准他离婚， 而他的女侍官已经怀孕。他着急采取了多次措施， 先把宰相撤职拘禁，再下令停止向教廷交纳教税， 最后直至没收教会财产，迫使教皇开除他的教籍。 在当时受宗教改革思潮影响者的鼓吹下，他宣布 英国教会脱离罗马教廷，自任英国教会最高权威。 从此英国教会成为圣公会，基督新教的一个单独 教派。圣公会是新教中改革最不彻底的一个教派， 因为它和天主教没有任何理论原则的分歧，只是 不承认教皇的权威，以及只有部份礼仪简化了。 • 亨利八世的第二个妻子也只为他生了一个女儿伊 丽莎白（后来的伊丽莎白一世女王），他一怒将 第二个妻子以通奸罪处死，因为他离婚再也不需 要教皇批准了，第三位为他生了一个儿子爱德华 （后来的爱德华六世国王）又因病去世。他先后 娶了6位夫人，全部没有好结果：第一位逼迫离婚， 第四位德国新教公主协议离婚，第三位因病去世， 最后一位因他去世幸免于难，另外两位被他处死。 他临死时设下遗嘱，由爱德华和他的后代继位； 如果爱德华没有后代，爱德华死后由玛丽和她的 后代继位；如果玛丽没有后代，玛丽死后由伊丽 莎白和她的后代继位。他没有想到如此严密的安 排，最后三位继承人都没有后代，伊丽莎白一世 去世后，都铎王朝也终结了，王位传给伊利莎白 表姐的儿子。 Edwards, his youngest son, succeeded (154753), yet died young. Mary followed. She was responsible for great upheaval. She changed the church to Roman Catholic Church again. Elizabeth ruled from 1558-1603. The period is the greatest period of English literature. She never married, partly for the political reasons. Extremely learned. When she came to the throne, England was not in a secure position. The early years of her reign were filled with doubts and fear. In 1588, Spanish invasion of England & the defeat of Spanish Armada There was an upward surge of England’s greatness, mood of hope and belief of power of England. The period from 1580 to 1620 was the greatest period. It is also called Elizabethan Age or Shakespearean Age or the Renaissance. • • • • • • Royalty The Tudor:都铎王朝 Henry Ⅶ unified England Henry Ⅷ (1509-1547) Edward VI (1547-1553) Mary (1553-1558) Elizabeth Ⅰ(1558-1603) • Royalty • The Stuart: 斯图亚特王朝 • James I (1603-1625) • Charles I (1625-1649) • Charles II (1660-1685) • James II (1685-1688) • King William III ( 1689-1702) • Queen Mary II (1689-1694 ) • Queen Ann (1702~1714) B. Economically: • The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundation of capitalism. • a. Manufactories were developing and the wool trade was rapidly growing. – The large-scale enclosure圈地;围场 of common land – It’s a time called by Thomas More “sheep devoured吞食 men” period. • b. The victory over Span consolidated巩 固，加强 Great Britain’s right on the high seas公海 and in world trade. C. Socially: • The uprisings of peasants农民,佃农 were ruthlessly无情地;冷酷地;残忍地 suppressed压制，镇压 . D. Culturally: • Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state, this period is marked by a flourishing茂盛，繁荣，兴旺 of national culture known as Renaissance. *Renaissance • a. “renaissance”― a French word, meaning “rebirth”, “revival苏醒；复活；复兴 ” • b. it is first used to indicate a revival of classical (Greek and Rome) arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism蒙昧主义 . Renaissance • c. Now it is used to indicate the intellectual and literary movement over Europe from the 14th to the early 17th century. Renaissance • d. A great number of the works of classical authors were translated into English during the 16th century. • e. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. *Humanism • The study and propagation增殖，繁殖,广传，传播 of classical learning and art was carried on by the progressive进步的;先进的;革新的 thinkers of humanists. • They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical基督教会的；教士的 knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation释放, 解放 of man from the tyranny暴政，专制 of the church and religious dogmas教条 . • *Man is the measure of all things; • *Man has ability to perfect themselves, to develop the individual; • *Man should enjoy the present life. E. Literarily: *Essays: • a. Thomas More --- Utopia (Latin: nowhere) • b. Francis Bacon --- Essays • *Poetry: • a. Thomas Wyatt --- the first to introduce the Sonnet into English literature • b. Edmund Spenser --- “The Fairy Queen” • *Drama: • Christopher Marlowe --- made “Blank Verse” the principle vehicle of expression in drama for the first time in history. *Blank verse(白体诗、无韵体诗) • unrhymed iambic pentameter (五步抑 扬格with five feet unstressed syllable + stressed syllable ) Translation • A. classic and Italian and French works: Plato and Aristotle. • B. The Bible into English The King James Bible or the “Authorized Version” 47 translators, over 10 years, published 1611. • 詹姆士一世的英皇钦定本《圣经》是当时英国历 史上最大的翻译工程之一，1604年开始，1611年 结束。从威廉·丁道尔开始，一直有人致力于将 《圣经》翻译为英文，发展到这时达到了顶峰。 英皇钦定本成为英国国教（圣公会）的标准版本， 也是英语文学史上最着名的作品之一。詹姆士一 世亲自领导这个项目，监督下属的四十七位学者。 1970年后完成了一部更准确的译本，其后也出现 很多版本；不过相比较而言詹姆士一世的诗句最 为出色，格律模仿了希伯来语原文的韵文。