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RECREATIONAL WATER TREATMENT
Pool Water Treatment Series
Corrosion
Irritation
Costly Maintenance
Poor Air Quality
Hazy Water
Breakpoint w/ Organic
Nitrogen
Table 4.9: Nitrogen-containing compounds in sweat and urine
Nitrogen-containing
compounds
Sweat
Mean content
(mg/litre)
Urine
Portion of total
nitrogen (%)
Mean content
(mg/litre)
Portion of total
nitrogen (%)
Urea
680
68
10 240
84
Ammonia
180
18
560
5
45
5
280
2
7
1
640
5
80
8
500
4
992
100
12 220
100
Amino acids
Creatinine
Other compounds
Total nitrogen
The ammonia reacts rapidly with hypochlorous acid to form monochloramine, dichloramine and
trichloramine (Hailin et al., 1990), whereas nitrogen-containing organic compounds, such as amino acids,
may react with hypochlorite to form organic chloramines (Taras, 1953; Isaak & Morris, 1980). The organic
nitrogen compounds found in urine and sweat are also possible precursors for chlorination by-products,
such as THMs (Ueno et al., 1996).
Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultation
Vol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000
Table 4.4: Concentrations of trihalomethanes
measured in swimming pool water
Disinfectant by-product concentration (µg/litre)
Chloroform
Country
USA
mean
range
BDCM
mean
DBCM
range
mean
Bromoform
range
mean
range
37.9
Pool
type
Reference
indoor
Copaken, 1990
Armstrong &
Golden, 1986
4–402
1–72
<0.1–8
<0.1–1
outdoor
3–580
1–90
0.3–30
<0.1–60
indoor
<0.1–530
<0.1–105
<0.1–48
<0.1–183
Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultation
Vol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000
spa
Table 4.13: Concentrations of trihalomethanes in alveolar air
samples from 163 swimmers
No. positive/no. samples
Mean THM
concentration (µg/litre)
Range of THM concentrations
(µg/litre)
Chloroform
163/163
94
14–312
BDCM
163/163
94
1–42
DBCM
25/163
12.6
2–28
THM
Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultation
Vol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000
Table 4.10: Comparison of trihalomethane concentrations in blood of
swimmers after a 1-h swim, in pool water and in ambient air of
indoor and outdoor pools
THM concentration (mean, range)
Indoor pool
Blood of swimmers (µg/litre)
Outdoor pool
0.48 (0.23–0.88)
0.11 (<0.06–0.21)
19.6 (4.5–45.8)
73.1 (3.2–146)
Air 20 cm above the water surface (µg/m³)
93.6 (23.9–179.9)
8.2 (2.1–13.9)
Air 150 cm above the water surface
(µg/m³)
61.6 (13.4–147.1)
2.5 (<0.7–4.7)
Pool water (µg/litre)
Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultation
Vol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000
Ebba Lund
(1962)
Univ. of Gothenburg
Gothenburg Sweden
Graph shows effect of oxidation
potential on Polio virus. Graph
compares inactivation rates using
combined chlorine, & free chlorine
irrespective of the residual
concentrations.
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Treatment
Chlorine-Supporting
Treatment
Rapid Recovery
Treatment
Choosing the right treatment has been made Easy!
Each treatment is “Custom Designed” to handle the specific demands of your
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or rapid release granules for shock recovery.
These products may be protected under U.S. Patent 6,,878,289 and other Patents Pending
Chlorine Demand Test
770
8
760
7
750
6
740
730
4
720
3
710
Glycine Addition
2
700
690
1
680
0
0
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
11 12 13 14 17 19 21 24 25 27 29 32 35 37 39 43 46 48
Lapsed Time (Minutes)
pH/ppm
ORP
5
ORP
pH
FAC
Truox Treatment Demand Test
770
8
760
7
750
6
740
730
DPD = Total Oxidant
720
4
3
710
Glycine Addition
700
2
690
1
680
0
0
1
3
5
8
9
11 13 18 19 20 21 22 24 26 29 30 32 34 37 39 41 45 46
Lapsed Tim e (Minutes)
pH/ppm
ORP
5
ORP
pH
FAC
Oxidation without Irritation®
OXIDATION WITHOUT IRRITATION®