Transcript Biochemistry - Fort Thomas Independent Schools

Biochemistry
Chapter 3
Water

polar compound  one end is slightly
negative while the other
is slightly positive
results from unequal sharing of electrons
 molecule itself is neutral

Water

hydrogen bonding  attraction that holds
different water molecules
together

the slightly negative O is attracted to the slightly
positive H of another molecule
Water


cohesion  attractive force of particles of
same kind (stick together)
adhesion  attractive forces between 2
particles of different
substances (stick to other things)
Water


capillary action the movement of water up
through small tubes,
against the force of gravity
Heat sink it takes a lot of energy to
change the temperature of water
Carbon Compounds


Most important element for living things
Can make 4 bonds because it has only 4
electrons on the outer shell
Carbon Compounds

Functional groups clusters of atoms that
influence the properties of the
molecules they compose
 molecules with the same
functional groups act similar
 Ex: hydroxyl, amine
Carbon Compounds

Monomers simple molecules that join
together to make large compounds
Ex: monosaccharides, amino acids

Polymers several monomers joined
together to form complex
molecules
Ex: polysaccharides, proteins
Carbon Compounds

Macromolecules very large polymers
Ex: DNA
Condensation reaction
Dehydration synthesis

Reaction that links monomers
 Removes a water molecule
 take an H+ from one molecule
& a OH- from another
 make polymers
Hydrolysis reaction

Reaction that breaks apart polymers
by addition of a water molecule
 one molecule gets an H+ & one gets
OH –
 It is used to turn ATP into ADP
ATP & ADP
ATP has 3 phosphates
(adenosine triphosphate)
 ADP has 2 phosphates
(adenosine diphosphate)
 hydrolysis breaks off a phosphate from ATP to
ADP
 this releases a great deal of energy
 cells use the energy released to function & live

make
Molecules for Life
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
made of Carbon, Oxygen, & Hydrogen
1.
Monosaccharides
monomer – it is a single unit
 3 types - Glucose, Fructose, & Galactose
 all 3 have same chemical formula
C6H12O6
 they have different structural formulas (shape)
 molecules that have the same chemical formula but
different structural formulas are called isomers
Carbohydrates
2. Disaccharides
 are two monosaccharides joined
 Ex: Sucrose
3. Polysaccharides
many
monosaccharides are joined
Plants store starch
Animals store glycogen
Proteins




contain C H O N
 made up of Amino Acids (monomers)
Peptide bonds join amino acids
20 different amino acids
 dipeptide – 2 amino acids joined together
polypeptide – long chain of amino acids
- usually bent or folded
- shape will change because of
heat, acidity, & other factors
Proteins

Enzymes  special proteins that are
biological catalyst
 lock & key fit with enzyme &
substrate
 substrate – is the substance
that binds to enzyme
 substrate changes enzyme
does not
Lipids
 large non-polar molecules that do not
dissolve in water
 fatty acids (monomers)
Have a water loving end – hydrophilic
Polar end
Has a water fearing end – hydrophobic
Non-polar end
Lipids

Triglyceride – 3 fatty acids & a glycerol
Saturated
– unhealthy
Solid at room temp
Unsaturated – healthy
Liquid at room temp
Trigylcerides
Saturated vs Unsaturated
Lipids

Phospholipids – 2 fatty acids & a glycerol
 Make up cell membranes
Lipids

Wax – long chain fatty acids


Plant leaf covers & ears
Steroids – lipids shaped in a ring instead of a
chain
Ex: cholesterol, testosterone &
estrogen
Steroids
Nucleic Acids




large molecules that store genetic information
 DNA info for cell functions
 RNA info for making proteins
 Nucleotides (monomers)
made of
1.
2.
3.
Phosphate group
Sugar
Nitrogen Base
Neucleotide