Transcript Organic Chemistry chapter 2

Organic Chemistry
Recognizing the 4 main classes
of organic molecules.
Organic Compounds
• An organic compound
is any compound that
contains atoms of the
element carbon.
• Carbon has 2 electrons
in its 1st energy level
and 4 electrons in its
2nd energy level.
electron
neutron
proton
Carbon
• Carbon’s 4 valence
electrons form covalent
bonds with other carbon
atoms, hydrogen, nitrogen
and oxygen.
• Carbon can share one
electron in a single bond,
two electrons in a double
bond, and even three
electrons (triple bond not
shown)
Isomers
• Butane has the chemical formula C4H10.
• Chemical formulas describe the type and number of atoms.
• Structural formulas describe the type, number and position of atoms.
Butane’s structural formula is seen below.
• Isomers have the same chemical formula, but different structural
formulas.
Monosaccharide
• Here are 3 examples of a
monosaccharide
• A monosaccharide is a
carbohydrate.
• These 3 elements are also
isomers.
• They all have the chemical
formula C6H12O6.
• The C:H:O ratio for a
monosaccharide is 1:2:1.
Glucose: Chain and Ring
• Glucose (and other monosaccharide) chains can
bend to form a ring.
Disaccharide and Polysaccharide
• One monosaccharide can join with another
monosaccharide to create a disaccharide like
sucrose.
• A polysaccharide like cellulose (on the right) is
many monosaccharides linked together.
Glycerol and Fats
• Glycerol is a key
component to many
lipids.
• Fat, or triglycerol, forms
when a glycerol head
connects with three
fatty acid tails.
Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
• Fatty acids can be
either saturated or
unsaturated.
• Saturated fats contain
only single bonds
between carbons.
• Unsaturated fats
contain at least one
double bond between
carbons.
Proteins and Amino Acids
• Proteins are the third major
family of organic
compounds.
• Proteins are made by
linking amino acids
together.
• The side chain is a variable
group.
• There are 20 different
variable groups that make
20 different types of amino
acid.
Peptide Bonds and Polymers
• The bond linking two amino acids together is called a
peptide bond.
• Protein chains may contain hundreds, even thousands, of
amino acids.
• These long chains of organic molecules are called
polymers.
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are the
final class of organic
compound.
• Nucleic acids are
composed of individual
nucleotides.
• Each nucleotide
contains a sugar, a
phosphate group and a
nitrogenous base.