Transcript Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology

Life and Chemistry:
Large Molecules
Macromolecules
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monomers are linked together to form
polymers
dehydration synthesis (condensation)
 broken apart via hydrolysis
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function is related to structure
Macromolecules
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4 classes of biological macromolecules
proteins
 carbohydrates
 nucleic acids
 lipids
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Proteins
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polymers of amino acids
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functions include
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structural support
catalysis
transport
defense
movement
regulation
Proteins
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each amino acid contains the following
 carbon
 H atom
 amino group
 carboxyl group
 side chain
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provides unique chemical properties
Amino Acids to Proteins
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peptide bond
joins two amino acids
 carboxyl group of one bonds with amino
group of another
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20 used to make every protein
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each distinguished by its side chain
Protein Structure
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4 structural levels
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1.
type, position, and number of amino
acids determine function and structure
primary structure
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sequence of amino acids comprising the
protein
huge variation possible
Protein Structure
2.
secondary structure
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regular, repeating patterns as a result of Hbonds
 helix
 pleated sheet
Protein Structure
3. tertiary structure
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results from interactions between R
groups
final 3-D structure of a single protein
4. quaternary structure
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arrangement of protein subunits into a
large macromolecule
Environmental Effects on
Proteins
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structure affected by:
pH
 temperature
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denaturation
Carbohydrates
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primarily C, H, and O
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1:2:1 (CH2O)
functions
energy source
 structure
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Carbohydrates
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4 categories:
monosaccharides
 disaccharides
 oligosaccharides
 polysaccharides
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Lipids
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no polymers
nonpolar hydrocarbons
 hydrophobic
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Fats and oils
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triglycerides
composed of fatty acids and glycerol
 fats vs. oils
 saturated vs. unsaturated
 energy storage
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Phospholipids
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composition
2 fatty acids
 phosphate containing polar head
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forms biological membranes
Steroids
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composed of 4 fused carbon rings
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functions
part of membranes
 hormones
 development
 ion balance
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Nucleic Acids
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nucleotide structure
5-C sugar
 phosphate group
 nitrogenous base
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function
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storage, transmission, and use of genetic
material
Nucleic Acids
2 types
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DNA
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information storage
RNA
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transmission