Transcript Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology
Chemical Processes
Atom
 Proton: in nucleus,
positive charge
 Neutron: uncharged, in
nucleus
 Electron: negatively
charged, in orbits
outside the nucleus
Atomic number
 Equal to the number of
protons in nucleus
 Identifies the kind of
element it is
Atomic weight
 Number of protons
plus the number of
neutrons in the
nucleus
Isotopes
 Same number of
protons but different
number of neutrons
 Different atomic
weights
Bonds
 Ionic bonds
 Covalent bonds
 Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
 Chemical bond
formed by the
transfer of electrons
from one atom to
another
 Metal and non-metal
Covalent bonds
 Chemical bond formed
by sharing of electrons
 2 non-metals
Hydrogen bonds
 Much weaker
 Bond that results from
unequal charge
distribution on a
molecule
Chemical reactions
 Synthesis reactions
 Decomposition reactions
 Exchange reactions
Synthesis reactions
 A + B energy AB
 Energy required for reaction
to occur
 New product formed
Decomposition reactions
 AB
A + B + energy
 Occurs when a complex nutrient
is broken down to release
energy for other cellular
functions
Exchange reactions
 AB + CD
AD + CB
 Break down 2 compounds and
then synthesize 2 new
compounds
Water
 70 % of body
 Strong polarity so allows for dissolving &
transport
 High specific heat so maintains body temp
 High heat of vaporization so allows
perspiration to cool body
 Cohesion
Electrolytes
 Inorganic
 Substances that dissociate in solution to
form charge particles (ions)
Acid
 Substance that releases hydrogen ions into
solution
 Proton donor
Bases
 Increase the number of hydroxide (OH-) in
solution
 Proton acceptors
Buffers
 Help maintain the pH of the body
 Act as a reservoir for hydrogen ions; donate
or remove hydrogen ions to maintain a
constant pH
Salts
 Results from the chemical interaction of an
acid and a base
Organic Molecules
 Contain carbon
 C-C bonds or C-H bonds
 4 major groups of organic substances in the
body
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
– Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
 Building block: monosaccharides
 CnH2nOn
Proteins
 Building block: amino acids
 Contain C, H, O, N
 Bind together by peptide bonds
Lipids
 Water insoluble
 Triglycerides: made of glycerol and 3 fatty
acids
 Saturated fats: saturated with H ions, no
double bonds, solid at room temp
 Unsaturated fats: has one or more double
bonds so not saturated with hydrogen ions
Steroids
 Type of lipid
 Principle component is steroid nucleus
 Examples: cholesterol, testosterone,
estrogen
Prostaglandins
 Lipids known as tissue hormones
 Act locally in the body
Nucleic acids
 Composed of a sugar, nitrogenous base and
a phosphate group
 Contain genetic information
Metabolism
 All the chemical reactions in the body
 Two major types
– Catabolism
– Anabolism
Catabolism
 Chemical reactions that break down larger
molecules into smaller units and as such
release energy
Anabolism
 Chemical reactions that join simple
molecules together to form more complex
molecules
 Dehydration synthesis: Water is removed as
smaller subunits are fused together
 Requires energy
Adenosine triphosphate
 ATP
 Composed of ribose (sugar), adenine
(nitrogen), and three phosphate subunits
 Form of energy that cells use
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Image Citations
Slide 2: An Atom, 7/7/06, http://www.eskom.co.za/nuclear_energy/fuel/fuel.html
Slide 3: Silver’s atomic number is 47, 7/7/06,
http://education.jlab.org/glossary/atomicnumber.html
Slide 4: 7/7/06, http://homepages.ius.edu/gkirchne/Chem.htm
Slide 5: An isotope, 7/7/06,
http://discover.edventures.com/functions/termlib.php?action=&termid=230&alpha=i&sear
chString=
Slide 7: Ionic bond, 7/7/06,
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0030529.html
Slide 8: Covalent bond, 7/7/06,
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006555.html
Slide 9: Hydrogen bonds, 7/7/06,
http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/mols/atomfig5.html
Slide 21: Glucose, 7/7/06,
http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=61&l=&c3=
Slide 22: Basic structure of an amino acid, 7/7/06,
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/BasicStruct.html
Slide 24, 25: A saturated fat, an unsaturated fat, 7/7/06,
http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~wfgale/usda_course/section0_4.htm
Slide 32: ATP Illustration, 7/7/06, http://www.nismat.org/physcor/muscle.html