Transcript European Renaissance and Reformationx

1300-1600
What was the Renaissance?
The Renaissance was a cultural
movement and a time of renewal
in the arts and learning
(Europe was recovering from the
Dark Ages and the Black
Death/Bubonic Plague)
Renaissance means “rebirth”
•Northern Italy
•Cities:
•Major Trading Centers
Milan
One of the richest cities, it controls trade
through the Alps.
Venice
Located on the Adriatic Sea, it is a major
trade route between Asia & Europe.
Florence
Controlled by the Medici Family, who
became great patrons of the arts.
Milan
Venice
Genoa
Florence
Genoa
Had Access to Trade Routes
Rome
Headquarters of the Catholic
Church
All of these cities:
• Had access to trade routes connecting
Europe with Middle Eastern markets
• Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to northern Europe
Rome
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Thriving city-states
Grew due to trade
beginning during the
crusades
 Plague killed off laborers,
rest get paid more
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Wealthy merchant class
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Become patrons of the arts
Example: Florence
controlled by the Medici
family
Classical heritage of
Greece and Rome
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Leads to Humanism
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Intellectual movement that focused on human
potential and achievements
Importance placed on education
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Study of the humanities: history, literature,
philosophy
Most people still Catholic but movement
becomes more secular (worldly)
Plays a large role in the arts, literature and
politics…
Michelangelo
created his
masterpiece
David in 1504.
The Biblical
shepherd,
David (who
killed Goliath)
recalls the
harmony and
grace of
ancient Greek
tradition
About a year after creating
David, Pope Julius II
summoned Michelangelo to
Rome to work on his most
famous project, the ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel.
Depicts the biblical history of the
world from the Creation to the
Flood
Creation of Eve
Separation of Light and Darkness
Creation of Adam
The Last Judgment
1452-1519
Painter, Sculptor, Architect,
Mathematician, Engineer
School of Athens
Analyzing
Art Activity
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Sofonisba Anguissola
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1556 Self-portrait
Artemisia Gentileschi
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1638-39 self-portrait
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Increased writing in vernacular (native
language, not Latin)
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Francesco Petrarch “Father of Renaissance
Humanism” : caused others to write
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More writing for self-expression or to portray
individuals
Sonnets in Italian
Vittoria Colonna: poems, personal emotion
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)
An Italian Philosopher and Writer based in Florence during the
Renaissance
The Prince (Published in 1532)
Machiavelli believed:
“One can make this generalization about men: they
are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun
danger and are greedy for profit”
Machiavelli observed rulers and
produced guidelines for how to
gain and maintain power.
*Absolute Rule*
He felt that a ruler should be
willing to do anything to maintain
control without worrying about
conscience.
Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved
Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making
 Ruler keeps power by any means necessary
 The end justifies the means
 Be good when possible, and evil when necessary
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Today, the term “Machiavellian”
refers to the use of deceit in politics
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In your opinion is it better to be
loved or feared? Why?
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What was the “Renaissance”? What
were the characteristics and
outcomes of the Renaissance
(Italian)?
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Main Idea Questions 3-5 on page 43
Make sure you answer them completely
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Why?
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1453: Hundred Years War
ends
 Populations began to grow
and # of wealthy people
increased
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Rulers of England and
France served as patrons
bringing ideas north
Invasion of N. Italy in the
late 15th c sent many Ren.
Artists north
Since antiquity it had been scribes and later, monks
in the Medieval period, who copied all manuscripts
by hand …
UNTIL …
Johann Gutenberg invented a
“printing press” – or,
the technique of printing from
movable blocks of type letters.
(1440ish)
*Copying now became mechanized and much faster. 1st printed: Bible (1455)
*Easier exchange ideas, increased literacy
The Printing Press spreads Ideas
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
Albrecht Durer – produced
woodcuts and engravings
whose realism influenced
other northern artists.
His works were not just
religious subject matter but
showed classical mythology
and realistic landscapes.
“Knight, Death,
and the Devil”
-engraving by
Albrecht Durer
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
Jan van Eyck – developed
new creative techniques to
achieve most realistic detail
with oil-based paints,
applying several layers to
create variety of colors and
3-D appearance to clothing
/ jewelry.
“Wedding Portrait” *
-Jan van Eyck
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
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Northern Renaissance thinkers merged
humanist ideas with Christianity
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Christian Humanism- focus to reform society,
promote education, critical of Church failure to
inspire people to live a Christian Life

Art and literature tended to still reflect and deal with
religion….
Desiderius Erasmus
1466-1536
Wrote “The Praise of Folly” which poked fun at people’s
human flaws; wanted the Bible printed in the vernacular
-such as greedy merchants, arrogant priests, etc.
-believed mankind could improve society by reading the Bible
and that Christianity was about “the heart” and not a bunch of
“rules and ceremonies” done in Church.
“It is the chief point of happiness when a man is
willing to be what he is not what others would have him be.” ~ Erasmus,
1527.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School
English Humanist
Wrote: Utopia
About a perfect society, everyone
lives in harmony, no private
property, no one is lazy, all are
educated and the justice system is
used to end crime instead of
executing criminals
Beheaded in 1535 at the
Tower of London on the
orders of Henry VIII
Renaissance ideas hit England in the mid-1500s
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English poet and playwright
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Enters London 1592
Well-known plays include:
Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear
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Influence and Impact on the
Renaissance:
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He expanded the dramatic potential of
characterization (his characters were very
complex), plot, language (creative), and
genre
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Called for female education
Wrote The Book of the City of Ladies
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Accomplishments of great women
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Belief in the dignity of the individual played a
key role in the rise of democratic ideas
Changes
More realism
 Secular as well as religious
 Vernacular used more often
 Increased literacy
 Published laws make law clearer
 People began to question political and religious
structures
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EQ: How did the Italian renaissance
spread throughout northern
Europe?
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Social: renaissance rise of humanism and
secular ideas; printing press spread ideas
Political: powerful monarchs challenged the
church; pope seen as a foreign ruler and
challenged his authority
Economic: jealous of church’s wealth; people
resented paying taxes to the church
Religious: corruption; some saw the sale of
indulgences as unacceptable
Lived 1483-1546 in Germany
Father encouraged him to
study law
A sudden religious
experience inspired him to
become a monk
He became troubled over the
possibility of not going to heaven
and turned to the Bible, and
confession for comfort
1517- troubled by the sale of
indulgences that were giving
people the idea that they could
buy their way into heaven
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Luther criticized Church
practices, like selling
indulgences.
He wanted a discussion
within the Church about
the true path to
salvation.
He nailed his Ninety-Five
Theses, or arguments, to
the door of Wittenberg
cathedral for all to see.
(Oct 31, 1517)
Actions begin
the
Reformation!
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Luther’s Bible
People can read
and understand
the Bible-only
source of truth
Salvation comes
only through faith
in Christ.
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Pope Leo X demanded that Luther recant 41 of
his Ninety-Five Theses.
Luther was brought before the Diet of Worms
and found guilty; Edict of Worms declared him a
heretic and denied him shelter
In January 1521, Luther was excommunicated
from the Church.
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1524- German peasants
demand end to serfdomLuther spoke against peasants
raiding monasteries and
fighting breaks out
1529- Catholic German princes
agree to join forces against
protesting princes who support
Luther (become known as
Protestants)
The first wars ended with the
Treaty of Augsburg (1555):
princes decide religion for their
state
Saint Bartholomew’s
Day massacre
France and Switzerland:
John Calvin preached the idea
of “predestination” and
that some people had been
chosen by God for
salvation.
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England:
King Henry VIII refused to
recognize the Roman
Catholic Church and
started a new church, the
Church of England.
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Using your textbook (pages 58-60) create a timeline
using 6 of the following dates that you believe had an
impact on England becoming a protestant nation. For
each date note its significance in as few words as
possible (you must still be able to understand why the
date is important)
1509
1521
1536
1527
1537
1529
1547
1533
1553
1534
1558
1535
1559
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1509: Henry VIII becomes king
1521: He verbally attacks Luther becomes “Defender of the Faith”
1527: he asks Pope to annul marriage to Catherine; Pope says no
1529: He calls a Reformation Parliament; to end Pope’s power in
England
1533: divorces Catherine, marries Anne Boleyn
1534: Act of Supremacy- people to oath recognizing the divorce and
accepted King as head of Church of England
1535: Thomas More executed for refusing to sign Act of Supremacy
1536: Anne beheaded
1537: 3rd wife Jane Seymour has prince Edward and dies
1547: Henry VIII dies; Edward becomes king at age 9
1553: Mary becomes queen; tried to return to Catholicism-kills
Protestants
1558: Elizabeth I becomes queen
1559: est. Anglican Church; seeks compromise with Protestants and
Catholics
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EQ: Why did Martin Luther
protest against the Catholic
Church and what was the
outcome of his protest?
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The Protestant Reformation is sweeping across
Central Europe, England, and even
Scandinavia! You have been hired by the Pope
to develop ideas that the Church can
implement in order to stop believers from
converting to these heretical faiths. What are
your top 2 ideas? Hurry, you must act quickly,
or Protestantism may overrun Europe!

What do you think the term
theocracy means?
Anti-Catholic
Influenced by Martin Luther
Disagreed with “Salvation through
faith alone.”
Created his own Protestant religion
in Switzerland
Salvation through Predestination
At birth it is decided if you will go
to heaven or hell
People’s nature is sinful
God knows everything that will
happen in your life
Lead a pure life: No drinking,
swearing, card playing, gambling
etc..
Started in Switzerland –
Calvinists
England = Puritans
Scotland = Presbyterians
 John Knox
Holland = Dutch Reform
France = Huguenots
Germany = Reform Church
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“baptize again” as adults
Church and state should be separate
Pacifists
Belief in sharing possessions
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Spinoffs- Mennonites, Amish, Quakers, Baptists
The Church had two tactics:
 Reform the Church from
Within
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Stop the Spread of
Protestantism
Council of Trent
Water Torture during the Inquisition
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The Council of Trent (1545-1563; called by Pope Paul III)
 Purpose: meetings to discuss reform AND define
dogma (official teachings)
 Some areas were actually reformed
 Called for the education of priests
 Improved discipline among the clergy
 False selling of indulgences banned
 But many teachings were not changed, and were instead
reinforced; the ideas of the Protestants were rejected
 You need faith AND good works to achieve salvation
 Pope is supreme leader
 Man has free will
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The Church tried to prove that it was still a powerful
institution
Continued to stress its orthodox teachings during the
Counter-Reformation, and was usually very intolerant
of different ways of thinking.
The Church also took measures to reassert its authority
in the following ways:
The Jesuits
 The Inquisition
 The Index of Prohibited Books
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The Society of Jesus: The Jesuits
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A religious group founded by Ignatius Loyola; in
1540 approved by Pope Paul III (1534-49)
Promoted education and missionary work
Follow the Pope
Also a bit fanatical in their devotion…
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Index (List) of Banned Books
Created in 1559 by Pope Paul IV
 Purpose was to prevent heresy (adherence to
religious ideas not authorized by the church)
 Banned both Protestant literature and texts by some
intellectuals, like Erasmus
 Click on this link to see the list:
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http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indexlibrorum.asp
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**General purpose was to discover heretics (mostly
Jews and Muslims, but also Protestants), reinforce
Catholic doctrine, and prove the power of the Church
When?
 1400s-1800s
Where?
 Mostly Spain and Italy
 Across Europe
 Ironic!
How?
 The accused were put
on trial ; guilty
until proven innocent…
 Torture used
The Inquisition often used the Auto-dafe: “Act of Faith”, a public trial that was
usually followed by torture or execution
The Church did not win back many of the “lost
souls” that had converted to Protestantism…
But, it shed its reputation for corruption and it
spread widely through missionary work
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What reforms were brought about
during the Catholic Reformation
(Counter Reformation)?
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Conducive - making a certain situation or outcome likely or
possible
Consolation - comfort received by a person after a loss or
disappointment.
Edification - the instruction or improvement of a person
morally or intellectually.
Evasion - the action of evading something.
Prelate’s - a bishop or other high ecclesiastical dignitary
Propagate - spread and promote (an idea, theory, etc.)
widely.
Schismatic – A person who promotes a split or division
between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by
differences in opinion or belief.
Vicar - `(in the Roman Catholic Church) a representative or
deputy of a bishop.