Transcript Chemistry and My Body - Mrs. Jones Mrs. Jones

Before you can understand the topics in this
unit there are some key vocabulary terms you
need to know.
Macromolecule
Polymer
Monomer
Oooooh, BIG SCARY Science word!
What do these words mean?
So What Is A
Macromolecule
?
LARGE molecules
Next Word…..
Polygons
Polyester
Polygamy
MANY
What does
“Mono”
mean?
Definitions
Macromolecule: a very large organic molecule
Polymer: a large molecule made of long chains of
repeating subunits.
Monomer: the individual component of a polymer
Macromolecules
•
•
•
•
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
WHAT ARE THEY?
They are molecules that are
used by living organisms as
a source of energy.
Composed of carbon,
hydrogen & oxygen
#1. CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Cellulose
Chitin
1.
Monosaccharides
• simple sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose
2. Disaccharides (Di means
2)
- two monosaccharides bonded
together.
ex. maltose = glucose + glucose
lactose = glucose + galactose
sucrose = glucose + fructose
3. Polysaccharides
(complex carbohydrates aka: starches)
- polysaccharide chains (called polymers)
may contain hundreds or thousands of
monosaccharides linked together.
Function of Monosaccarides and
disaccharides
Provide quick energy
Polysaccharides
Examples
a) glycogen – made & stored by liver cells
- can be broken down when needed
b) cellulose – material that plant cell walls are made of.
Animals cannot break this down.
c) starch – made & stored by plants during
photosynthesis
d) Chitin
Hard exterior skeletons of insects and crustaceans
Function:
• Store energy
• Tough composition in cell wall
• Tough exterior of insect
Lipids
WHAT ARE THEY?
Major energy storage
molecules
Composed of carbon,
oxygen & hydrogen
#2. LIPIDS
Oils
Fats (Saturated & Unsaturated)
Waxes
Phospholipids
Steroids
Function:
• Store energy
• Make up the cell membrane
• Act as a Chemical messenger
Proteins
WHAT ARE THEY?
They are unbranched
polymers of amino acids
that link up to create a
number of things
Ex: hair, skin, feathers, blood
clots, ect.
What are Amino Acids?
They are like the building
blocks that make up
protein.
There are 20 different
‘blocks’
Structure
Unbranched amino acids
There are 20 different types of amino acids
8 are essential (humans have to obtain them
from food)
Peptide Bond
Linkage that forms between
amino acid subunits
Polypeptide
Small chain of amino
acids
Protein synthesis
Cells make proteins by
joining amino acids
Same sequence of amino
acids = same shape
Enzymes
Protein that speeds up a
chemical reaction (CATALYST)
Eg. amylase helps us digest
carbs
Protein that acts as a
messenger (ex: insulin)
Protein that supports
bones/cartilage/tendons (Ex:
Collagen)
Denaturation
High temps may cause protein
to change shape
eg. heat can denature proteins
in hair so people can
temporarily curl or straighten
hair
Nucleic Acids
Nitrogenous Bases
4 types:
1. adenine (A)
2. guanine (G)
3. thymine (T)
4. cytosine (C)
Types of Nucleic Acids
Holds double
helix together
1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Double helix structure
Function - Contains genetic code
and info about proteins
2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Single chain
Functions
Used as a messenger of
genetic info
Form part of ribosome
structure