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Northern Europe
from 1400-1500
The Northern Renaissance
Burgandy and Flanders
Flemish Painting
Germany and Switzerland
France
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Northern Europe
from 1400-1500
(continued)
Art on Paper
Holy Roman Empire
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500 > The Northern Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance
• The Northern Renaissance
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500 > Burgandy and Flanders
Burgandy and Flanders
• Chartreuse de Champmol
• Illuminated Manuscripts
• Flemish Textiles of the Northern Renaissance
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500 > Flemish Painting
Flemish Painting
• Flemish Painting in the Northern Renaissance
• The Second Generation
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500 > Germany and Switzerland
Germany and Switzerland
• German Woodcuts
• Switzerland
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500 > France
France
• Manuscript Printing
• Panel Painting
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500 > Art on Paper
Art on Paper
• Single Sheets
• Block Books
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500 > Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
• Sculpture
• Panel Painting in the Northern Renaissance
• Graphic Arts
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Appendix
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500
Key terms
• alabaster A fine-grained white or lightly-tinted variety of gypsum, used ornamentally.
• Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528) A German painter, printmaker, mathematician, and theorist from Nuremberg, often regarded as
the greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance.
• altarpieces a picture or relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame behind the altar of a church. The
altarpiece is often made up of two or more separate panels created using a technique known as panel painting.
• block printing a technique for printing text, images or patterns on paper
• blockbooks Short books of up to 50 leaves, block printed in Europe in the second half of the fifteenth century as woodcuts with
blocks carved to include both text and illustrations. The content of the books was nearly always religious, aimed at a popular
audience, and a few titles were often reprinted in several editions using new woodcuts.
• cantons a type of administrative division, of which the best known are those of Switzerland.
• Carthusian monastery The building, or complex of buildings, comprising the domestic quarters and workplace(s) of monastics,
whether monks or nuns, and whether living in community or alone (hermits). The monastery generally includes a place
reserved for prayer which may be a chapel, church or temple, and may also serve as an oratory.
• drypoint a technique of printmaking in which an image is incised into a plate by scratching the surface with a hard, sharp metal
(or diamond) point
• Early Netherlandish painting Refers to the work of artists, also known as the Flemish Primitives, active in the Low Countries
during the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century northern Renaissance, especially in the flourishing Burgundian cities of Bruges and
Ghent. The period begins approximately with the careers of Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck and continues at least to the
death of Gerard David in 1523.
• engraving The practice of incising a design onto a hard, flat surface by cutting grooves into it.
• Enguerrand Quarton (c. 1410 – c. 1466) a French painter and manuscript illuminator whose few surviving works are among the
first masterpieces of a distinctively French style
• etching The art of producing an image from a metal plate into which an image or text has been etched with acid.
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500
• Flanders A subnational state in the north of federal Belgium, the institutional merger of a territorial region and the Dutch
language 'community' which also has/shares some authority in the capital region Brussels.
• frescoes A technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the pigment
and, with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall.
• Holy Roman Emperor A term used by historians to denote a medieval ruler who had also received the title of "Emperor of the
Romans" from the Pope.
• illuminated manuscript A book in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials,
borders (marginalia), and miniature illustrations.
• International Gothic A phase of Gothic art which developed in Burgundy, Bohemia, France, and northern Italy in the late 14th
century and early 15th century.
• International Gothic A phase of Gothic art which developed in Burgundy, Bohemia, France, and northern Italy in the late 14th
century and early 15th century.
• Konrad Witz (circa. 1400 - 1456), Swiss artist whose 1444 panel, The Miraculous Draft of Fishes (a portion of a lot altarpiece) is
credited with being the earliest extant faithful portrayal of a landscape in European art history, being based on observation of
real topographical features.
• Mannerism A style of art developed at the end of the High Renaissance, characterized by the deliberate distortion and
exaggeration of perspective, especially the elongation of figures.
• Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) A German monk, priest, professor of theology and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation.
• Matthias Grünewald (c. 1470 – 1528) A German Renaissance painter of religious works, who ignored Renaissance classicism
to continue the expressive and intense style of late medieval Central European art.
• Northern Renaissance The Northern Renaissance is the Renaissance in northern Europe. Before 1450 Italian Renaissance
humanism had little influence outside Italy. From the late 15th century the ideas spread around Europe. This influenced the
German Renaissance, French Renaissance, English Renaissance, Renaissance in the Netherlands, Polish Renaissance and
other national and localized movements, each with different characteristics and strengths.
• patronage noun: The act of providing approval and support;backing; championship.
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500
• Philip the Bold (January 15, 1342, Pontoise – April 27, 1404, Halle) Philip was the fourth and youngest son of King John II of
France and his wife, Bonne of Luxembourg. By his marriage to Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, he also became Count
Philip II of Flanders, Count Philip IV of Artois and Count-Palatine Philip IV of Burgundy. He was the founder of the Burgundian
branch of the House of Valois.
• Philip the Good Duke of Burgundy (July 31, 1396 – June 15, 1467) Philip was Duke of Burgundy from 1419 until his death. He
was a member of a cadet line of the Valois dynasty (the then Royal family of France). During his reign Burgundy reached the
height of its prosperity and prestige and became a leading center of the arts.
• Pietà a subject in Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus
• polyptych A work consisting of multiple painted or carved panels joined together, often with hinges.
• Romanists Romanism was the style of painting of a group of artists in the late 15th and early 16th century from the Netherlands
who began to visit Italy and started to incorporate Renaissance influences in their work.
• scriptoria rooms set aside for the copying, writing, or illuminating of manuscripts and records, especially in monasteries
• Simon Marmion (born c. 1425 at Amiens, France, died 24 or 25 December 1489, Valenciennes) Simon Marmion was a French
or Burgundian Early Netherlandish painter of panels and illuminated manuscripts. Marmion lived and worked in what is now
France but for most of his lifetime was part of the Duchy of Burgundy in the Southern Netherlands.
• tapestries A form of textile art, traditionally woven on a vertical loom, however it can also be woven on a floor loom as well. It is
composed of two sets of interlaced threads, those running parallel to the length (called the warp) and those parallel to the width
(called the weft); the warp threads are set up under tension on a loom, and the weft thread is passed back and forth across part
or all of the warps.
• tempera A medium used to bind pigments in painting, as well as the associated artistic techniques.
• triptych A picture or series of pictures painted on three tablets connected by hinges.
• unicorn A mythical beast traditionally represented as having the legs of a buck, the body of a horse, the tail of a lion with a
single spiral horn on its head; a symbol of virginity.
• Valois A cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, succeeding the House of Capet (or "Direct Capetians") as kings of France from
1328 to 1589. A cadet branch of the family reigned as dukes of Burgundy from 1363 to 1482. They were descendants of
Charles of Valois, the fourth son of King Philip III. They based their claim on the Salic law, which excluded females (Joan II of
Navarre) as well as male descendants through the distaff line (Edward III of England), from the succession to the French
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throne.
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
• woodcut A print or a method of printmaking from an engraved block of wood.
• woodcut A print or a method of printmaking from an engraved block of wood.
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500
Page from the "Turin-Milan Hours", anonymous artist known as Hand G.
The Birth of John the Baptist (above) and the Baptism of Christ below, by "Hand G", Turin.
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Wikipedia. "14th-century painters - Les Très Belles Heures de Notre Dame de Jean de Berry - WGA16014." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14thcentury_painters_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Belles_Heures_de_Notre_Dame_de_Jean_de_Berry_-_WGA16014.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
"Pleurants" or mourners
Stone mourners (or "weepers") at a tomb in Chartreuse de Champmol, called "the most profound expression of mourning known in art, a funeral march
in stone".
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Wikipedia. "Dijon-Palais-Gisant-Detail." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dijon-Palais-Gisant-Detail.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
Enguerrand Quarton, The Virgin of Mercy (1452)
The scale of the figures is hieratic; The Virgin and Saint John the Baptist and Saint John the Evangelist tower over the donor and his wife, who are
themselves slightly larger than the faithful sheltered by the Virgin's robe.
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Wikipedia. "Enguerrand Quarton, La vierge de miséricorde de la famille Cadard (1452)." Public domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enguerrand_Quarton,_La_vierge_de_mis%C3%A9ricorde_de_la_famille_Cadard_(1452).jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
The Crucifixion, central panel of the Isenheim Altarpiece by Matthias Grünewald.
The Isenheim Altarpiece is widely regarded as the greatest German Renaissance painting.
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Wikipedia. "Mathis Gothart Grünewald 022." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mathis_Gothart_Gr%C3%BCnewald_022.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
"Ecce Homo" engraving by Martin Schonhauer
Martin Schonhauer is credited as the first artist to create an engraving, and is also a well-known painter.
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Wikipedia. "SchongauerEcceHomo." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SchongauerEcceHomo.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
Engraving of St. Christopher by Albrecht Durer
Albrecht Durer, a painter, printmaker, engraver and mathematician, was perhaps one of the most well-known of the Northern artists.
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Wikipedia. "St.Cristopher-Dürer." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Cristopher-D%C3%BCrer.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
"The Ghent Altarpiece" by Jan Van Eyck
"The Ghent Altarpiece," a commissioned polyptych from around 1432, is perhaps Van Eyck's most famous work.
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Wikipedia. "Lamgods open." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamgods_open.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
"The Descent from the Cross" by Rogier Van Der Weyden
Van Der Weyden's most well-known painting is "The Descent From the Cross", circa 1435.
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Wikipedia. "El Descendimiento, by Rogier van der Weyden, from Prado in Google Earth." Public domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Descendimiento,_by_Rogier_van_der_Weyden,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
Tomb of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria
John the Fearless commissioned work on this tomb, though by his death in 1419 nothing had been done. The project saw several different artists at work
until its completion in 1470.
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Wikipedia. "Dijon - Tombeau des ducs de Bourgogne 1." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dijon_-_Tombeau_des_ducs_de_Bourgogne_1.jpg View on
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500
A Print from the "Ars Moriendi"
The "Ars Moriendi" is the most renowned block book.
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Wikipedia. "Ars.moriendi.pride.a." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ars.moriendi.pride.a.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
"The Virgin Among the Virgins" by Gerard David
David was a direct student of Memling, whose influence is visible in David's stylistic solemnity, the great realism in his rendering of the human form, and
the orderly arrangement of his figures.
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Wikipedia. "David Virgin among the Virgins." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Virgin_among_the_Virgins.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
"Portrait of a Young Girl" by Petrus Christus
Petrus Christus was the first artist to set his portraits against a naturalistic background, as opposed to a flat plain. In this painting, we no longer see the
sitter in front of a neutral background, but poised within a defined space.
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Wikipedia. "Petrus Christus - Portrait of a Young Woman - Google Art Project." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petrus_Christus__Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
"The Garden of Earthly Delights" by Hieronymous Bosch
The work of Bosch often exhibits visible brush strokes, a factor that is in direct opposition to the style of the Flemish school, which sought to conceal the
brush with numerous layers of paint and glaze. As seen in "The Garden of Earthly Delights," Bosch's work employs more dream-like imagery and is
seemingly less concerned with direct illusionism compared to the Flemish masters.
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Wikimedia. "Jheronimus Bosch 023." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jheronimus_Bosch_023.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
Danae by Jan Mabuse
One of the most well-known Romanists was Jan Mabuse. The influence of Michelangelo and Raphael showed in the use of mythology and nudity in this
particular piece.
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Wikipedia. "Jan Gossaert 003." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Gossaert_003.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
Lorenzo Ghiberti's bronze doors of the Baptistry of Florence Cathedral
Ghiberti's doors were named by Michelangelo the "Gates of Paradise".
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Wikipedia. "Paradies tuer florenz." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paradies_tuer_florenz.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
The second of the Unicorn Tapestries
The second of the seven tapestries, often called The Unicorn is Found
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Wikipedia. "The Hunt of the Unicorn Tapestry 1." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Hunt_of_the_Unicorn_Tapestry_1.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
Jacques Fouquet, right wing of Melun Diptych; Virgin and Child Surrounded by Angels (c.1450)
The Madonna is depicted here as the Queen of Heaven, and is meant to reveal her as between the veil of heaven and earth. The Virgin is believed to be
an idealized portrait of Agnès Sorel, mistress of King Charles VII, who died two years earlier. Sorel was considered by many at the time to be "the most
beautiful woman in the world" and therefore an obvious choice after which to model the Virgin.
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Wikipedia. "Fouquet Madonna." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fouquet_Madonna.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
Woodblock Print from a "Biblia Pauperum"
The "Biblia Pauperum", or "Pauper's Bible," was a popular series of titles; they had existed previously in the 14th century as illuminated manuscripts,
hand-painted on vellum, before woodcuts took over. A "Biblia Pauperum" included visual depictions that related the Old Testament to the New
Testament.
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Wikipedia. "BibliaPauperum." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BibliaPauperum.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
"The Merode Altarpiece" attributed to Robert Campin
"The Merode Altarpiece" is a triptych that features the Archangel Gabriel approaching Mary, who is reading in a well-decorated, typical middle class
Flanders home.
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Wikipedia. "Merodealtarpiece." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merodealtarpiece.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
Swabian painted wood Pietà of c. 1500
Pietà is one of the most common artistic representations of a sorrowful Virgin Mary. Many German and Polish 15th-century examples in wood greatly
emphasize Christ's wounds.
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Wikipedia. "Vesperbild Schwaben um 1500." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vesperbild_Schwaben_um_1500.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
Israhel van Meckenem and his wife, the first self-portrait in a print. Engraving, 1480s or 1490s.
Israhel van Meckenem was the most prolific engraver of the fifteenth century and an important figure in the early history of old master prints. He was
active from 1465 until his death.
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Wikipedia. "Meckenem." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meckenem.jpg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
Konrad Witz, The Miraculous Draft of Fishes, 1444.
Originally part of a now dismantled altarpiece known as Peter's Altar Table, the panel depicts the "miraculous catch of 153 fish" as reported in the Gospel
of John and shows a scene of the disciples, who had been fishing at the edge of a lake, recognizing the stranger who had called out to them from the
shore as the resurrected Jesus. Peter is shown wading toward Jesus to greet him. In this painting Witz takes the revolutionary step of moving the scene
from the biblical Sea of Galilee to his local area, around Lake Geneva. With this move, Witz was able to base his rendering of the far landscape on his
own observation of actual topographical features rather than rely on imaginative interpretation as earlier artists did. He further brought the landscape to
the fore of his work; here the range is not simply a footnote seen through a window or detail visible beyond a crucifixion scene. The painting is renowned
for its naturalistic representation of the Graian Alps and the snow-capped peaks of Mont Blanc and Le Môle seen in the distance. In this regard the work
is the earliest known faithful portrayal of a landscape in European art history.
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Wikipedia. "Konrad Witz - Fischzug Petri." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konrad_Witz_-_Fischzug_Petri.jpeg View on Boundless.com
Northern Europe from 1400-1500
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "International Gothic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Gothic
• Wikipedia. "Panel painting." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_painting
• Wikipedia. "Panel painting." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_painting
• Wikipedia. "French art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_art%23Early_Modern_period
• Wikipedia. "Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_Duc_de_Berry%23Formal_and_iconographical_analysis
• Wikipedia. "Limbourg brothers." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbourg_brothers
• Wikipedia. "Early Netherlandish painting." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20Netherlandish%20painting
• Wikipedia. "blockbooks." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/blockbooks
• Wikipedia. "frescoes." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/frescoes
• Wikipedia. "Gothic Art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Art
• Wikipedia. "International Gothic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Gothic
• Wikipedia. "Holy Roman Emperor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy%20Roman%20Emperor
• Wikipedia. "German art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_art%23Renaissance_painting_and_prints
• Wikipedia. "Konrad Witz." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad%20Witz
• Wikipedia. "cantons." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cantons
• Wikipedia. "Konrad Witz." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Witz
• Wikipedia. "History of Switzerland." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Switzerland
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500
• Wiktionary. "scriptoria." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scriptoria
• Wikipedia. "Simon Marmion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Marmion
• Wikipedia. "Philip the Good." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20the%20Good
• Wikipedia. "illuminated manuscript." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/illuminated%20manuscript
• Wikipedia. "Early Netherlandish painting." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting%23Illuminated_manuscripts
• Wikipedia. "Illuminated manuscript." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript
• Wikipedia. "Philip the Bold." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20the%20Bold
• Wikipedia. "Valois." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valois
• Wikipedia. "Carthusian monastery." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthusian%20monastery
• Wikipedia. "Champmol." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champmol
• Wikipedia. "Pieta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieta
• Wikipedia. "Enguerrand Quarton." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enguerrand%20Quarton
• Wikipedia. "block printing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/block%20printing
• Wikipedia. "History of printing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_printing
• Wikipedia. "Enguerrand Quarton." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enguerrand_Quarton
• Wikipedia. "Enguerrand Quarton." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enguerrand_Quarton
• Wikipedia. "Romanists." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanists
• Wikipedia. "Northern Renaissance." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Renaissance
• Wikipedia. "Northern renaissance." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_renaissance
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500
• Wiktionary. "tempera." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tempera
• Wiktionary. "polyptych." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polyptych
• Wiktionary. "triptych." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/triptych
• Saylor. CC BY http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/HIST302-8.3.1-Northern-Renaissance-FINAL.pdf
• Saylor. CC BY-SA http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/ART111-TheAdorationoftheMysticLamb.pdf
• Wikipedia. "Early Netherlandish painting." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting
• Wikipedia. "Northern Renaissance." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Renaissance
• Wikipedia. "Jan van Eyck." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck
• Wikipedia. "Rogier van der Weyden." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden
• Wikipedia. "Robert Campin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Campin
• Wikipedia. "Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting
• Wikipedia. "Matthias Grunewald." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias%20Grunewald
• Wikipedia. "Martin Luther." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Luther
• Wikipedia. "Albrecht Durer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht%20Durer
• Wikipedia. "German art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_art%23Renaissance_painting_and_prints
• Wiktionary. "unicorn." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unicorn
• Wikipedia. "tapestries." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tapestries
• Wiktionary. "Flanders." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Flanders
• Wikipedia. "Devonshire Hunting Tapestries." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonshire_Hunting_Tapestries
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500
• Wikipedia. "Flanders." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders
• Wikipedia. "History of Belgium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Belgium
• Wikipedia. "The Hunt of the Unicorn." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunt_of_the_Unicorn
• Wiktionary. "alabaster." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alabaster
• Wiktionary. "patronage." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patronage
• Wikipedia. "altarpieces." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/altarpieces
• Wikipedia. "Sculpture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture%23Gothic
• Wikipedia. "German art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_art%23Renaissance_painting_and_prints
• Wiktionary. "woodcut." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/woodcut
• Wikipedia. "Old master print." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_master_print
• Wikipedia. "Illuminated manuscript." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript
• Wikipedia. "Block book." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_book
• Wiktionary. "Mannerism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mannerism
• Wikipedia. "Early Netherlandish painting." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting
• Wikipedia. "Early Netherlandish painting." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting
• Wikipedia. "Dutch Golden Age painting." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting
• Wikipedia. "Hans Memling." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Memling
• Wikipedia. "Hieronymus Bosch." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch
• Saylor. CC BY-SA http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/HIST302-8.3.1-Northern-Renaissance-FINAL.pdf
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Northern Europe from 1400-1500
• Wiktionary. "drypoint." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drypoint
• Wiktionary. "woodcut." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/woodcut
• Wiktionary. "engraving." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/engraving
• Wiktionary. "etching." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/etching
• Wikipedia. "Old master print." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_master_print
• Wikipedia. "Albrecht Dürer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer
• Wikipedia. "Printmaking." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaking
• Wikipedia. "Papermaking." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papermaking
• Wikipedia. "Printing press." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press
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