Transcript asdfs - local.brookings.k12.sd.us

RNA, DNA, & Proteins
Chapter 12 Review
Main enzyme involved in linking
nucleotides into DNA molecules
during replication
DNA polymerase
Another name for protein synthesis
translation
Sugar used to make DNA
dexoyribose
Process of making a DNA copy
replication
Nitrogen base with 1 ring such as
cytosine and thymine
pyrimidine
Organism whose cells have a nucleus
eukaryote
Process in which the genetic code of
DNA is copied into a strand of RNA
transcription
Three sequential nucleotides in an
mRNA molecule that code for a
specific amino acid
codon
Organism without a nucleus
prokaryote
Nitrogen base with 2 rings like adenine
and guanine
Purine
Subunit composed of a sugar,
nitrogen base, and a phosphate group
used to make DNA and RNA
nucleotide
Principle that hydrogen bonds can
only form between certain nitrogen bases
Base pairing
Process in which one strain of bacteria
is genetically changed by receiving
DNA from another
transformation
Series of genes that controls
development and differentiation in
the developing embryo
Hox genes
Coiled DNA and proteins that are
spread out in the nucleus of nondividing cells
chromatin
Group of three nucleotide bases on a
t-RNA molecule that are
complementary to an mRNA codon
anticodon
Tightly packed DNA and proteins that
are “scrunched up” into rod-shaped
bundles in dividing cells
chromosomes
Expressed sequence of DNA that
codes for a protein
exon
Process of making proteins from an
RNA message
Translation (protein synthesis)
What is CHARGAFF’S RULE?
A = T
G = C
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
Type of RNA that carries DNA code
from the nucleus out to the cytoplasm
Messenger RNA
Segment of DNA that codes for a protein
gene
Region of DNA where RNA polymerase
binds to start transcription
promoter
Protein molecule around which DNA is
wrapped to form a nucleosome in
chromatin
histone
Bonds between nitrogen bases that
hold the 2 DNA strands together
Hydrogen bonds
Bead-like structures that form when
DNA wraps around histones
nucleosome
Type of RNA that matches its
anticodon and attaches the correct
amino acid to the growing protein
chain during protein synthesis
Transfer RNA
Structures found in the cytoplasm
made of rRNA and proteins where
protein synthesis happens
Ribosomes
Name the scientist who repeated
Griffith’s mice-pneumonia
experiment but used enzymes to
destroy different kinds of
molecules and showed that DNA
was the molecule that caused
transformation. Oswald Avery
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Avery
Type of RNA that combines with
proteins to make ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
Sugar found in RNA molecules
ribose
Group of genes in a prokaryote that
operate together
operon
Region of DNA near the promoter
where repressor proteins bind and
turn genes off
operator
Enzyme that binds to DNA, separates
the strands, and assembles nucleotide
subunits into an RNA molecule
RNA polymerase
Protein that binds to the operator site
and stops RNA polymerase from
binding and transcribing a gene
repressor
Process of changing into different kinds
of cells with different functions
differentiation
Macromolecule made by joining
nucleotide subunits together
Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA)
Virus that infects bacteria
bacteriophage
Another name for a protein chain
polypeptide
Macromolecule made by joining amino
acid subunits together
protein
Regulatory region with the sequence
TATATA or TATAAA found in many
types of organisms which helps position
RNA polymerase
TATA box
Sequence of DNA that is NOT involved
in coding for a protein which is cut out
of the m-RNA molecule before it is read
by the ribosomes intron
Name the woman scientist whose X-ray
images of DNA helped James Watson
and Francis Crick figure out the structure
of DNA
ROSALYN FRANKLIN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html
Tell 2 ways DNA is different from RNA
DNA
Double stranded
Deoxyribose sugar
A,T,C,G
No Uracil
RNA
Single stranded
Ribose sugar
A,U,C,G
No thymine
Contains genetic code
Stays in nucleus
Carries code from
nucleus to cytoplasm
Helps with protein
synthesis
Making a DNA copy = _____________
replication
Using DNA code to
transcription
make an RNA = ___________________
Using an RNA message
translation
to make a protein = _______________
A genetic change in a cell due to DNA
received from another cell=
TRANSFORMATION
____________________.
Name the two scientists received the
Nobel prize for figuring out
the structure of DNA
JAMES WATSON &
FRANCIS CRICK
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html
Oswald Avery repeated
Griffith’s mice-pneumonia
experiment but used enzymes to
destroy different kinds of
molecules before injecting them
into the mice.
Which molecule was necessary
for transformation to occur?
DNA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Avery
DNA → DNA
= _____________
replication
DNA → RNA = ___________________
transcription
translation
RNA → protein = _______________
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953.jpg
Name the two scientists whose
bacteriophage-blender experiment helped
show that DNA was the molecule that
carried the genetic code
ALFRED HERSHEY &
MARTHA CHASE
A virus that infects bacteria is called a
_______________
BACTERIOPHAGE
http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mbi1440.htm
Name this subunit used to build
nucleic acids like DNA & RNA
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDE
If this was going to make RNA what
sugar would be used?
ribose
Which nitrogen base
THYMINE
could NOT be used?
Name this subunit used to build
nucleic acids like DNA & RNA
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDE
If this was going to make DNA what
sugar would be used?
deoxyribose
Which nitrogen base
URACIL
could NOT be used?
Tell what nitrogen base these
letters stand for
_____________=
ADENINE A
_____________
GUANINE = G
_____________
CYTOSINE = C
______________
THYMINE = T
URACIL = U
______________
Which molecules make up the
backbone (sides of ladder)
in a DNA molecule?
Sugar
and phosphates
Image from:
http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg
Nitrogen bases with 2 rings are
called ______________
A
G
Purines
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Nucleosome
Chromosome
DNA
double
helix
Coils
Supercoils
Histones
DNA that is condensed in the nucleus of
dividing cells so it can be transported
CHROMOSOMES
easily is called _______________
Nitrogen bases with 1 ring are
called ______________
C
Pyrimidines
T
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Hydrogen
_____________
bonds
between nitrogen bases
hold the two strands
together.
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
How is the DNA in
PROKARYOTES different
from DNA in EUKARYOTES?
PROKARYOTES
Single chromosome
Circular (loop)
In cytoplasm
(no nucleus)
EUKARYOTES
Many chromosomes
Rod-shaped bundles
in Nucleus
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Which protein does DNA wrap
around to form
nucleosomes?
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Coils
Histones
HISTONES
Name the pieces of message that
are NOT edited out and are
EXONS
expressed __________
Image by Riedell
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Chromosome
DNA
double
helix
Supercoils
Coils
Histones
What are the small bead-like bundles
called that form when DNA scrunches
into chromosomes?
nucleosomes
New strand
Original
strand
DNA
polymerase
Growth
DNA
polymerase
Growth
Replication
fork
Replication
fork
New strand
Original
strand
Nitrogenous
bases
The sites where strand separation and
replication forks
replication occur are called _____________
Name the 3 kinds of RNA
RIBOSOMAL
_________________RNA
Combines with proteins to form ribosomes
TRANSFER
_________________RNA
Matches m-RNA codon to add correct
amino acids during protein synthesis
_________________RNA
MESSENGER
carries code from DNA to ribosomes
rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif
The pieces of message that are
INTRONS
edited out are called __________
Where does this editing happen?
In nucleus
Image by Riedell
Use the mRNA codon wheel to determine
the amino acid being coded for:
proline
C C A =___________
arginine
C G U = __________
phenylalanine
U U C = __________
alanine
G C A = __________
STOP
U A G = __________
_______________
MUTATIONS
are changes
in the genetic material.
Tell something that can cause mutations.
Mistakes in copying DNA
Radiation
Chemicals in environment
KINDS OF MUTATIONS
Mutations that produce changes in a single
GENE MUTATIONS
gene = ______________________
Mutations that produce changes in whole
chromosomes =
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
_____________________
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Nucleosome
Chromosome
DNA
double
helix
Coils
Supercoils
Histones
DNA that is spread out in the nucleus of
non-dividing cells so the code can be read
CHROMATIN
is called _______________
Mutations involving only one or a few
point
nucleotides are called ________
mutations
Explain why frameshift mutations at the
beginning of a gene are more harmful than
at the end.
Frameshifts cause everything after the
mutation to shift and be misread so
mutations at the beginning change
more of the code.
Name this kind of mutation
Changes one base for another
→
ATTCGAGCT
ATTCTAGCT
SUBSTITUTION
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
deletion
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Name the 3 kinds of RNA
RIBOSOMAL
_________________RNA
TRANSFER
_________________RNA
MESSENGER
_________________RNA
rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
A T T C G A G C T
→
A T T C T A G C T
SUBSTITUTION
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
deletion
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
NUCLEUS
A= _________
m-RNA
B= _________
amino acid
ribosome
C= _________
t-RNA
D= ___________
codon
F= _____________
acid
G = Amino
__________________
Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
INSERTION
Image from:
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Mutation that causes the reading
frame to shift and be misread.
FRAMESHIFT
MUTATION
Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall.
All rights reserved
Tell the kind of mutation shown:
Segment flips and reads backwards
Image from:
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
INVERSION
Tell the kind of mutation shown
Segment breaks off and joins a different nonhomologous chromosome
TRANSLOCATION
Image from:
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Condition in which an organism has
extra sets of chromosomes
POLYPLOIDY
= _______________
triploid
3N plants are called ____________
tetraploid
4N plants are called ____________
What advantage does polyploidy give to
some plants?
Makes them bigger
and stronger
What do you call a polyploid human?
Dead. . . Humans can’t survive with
polyploidy!
Group of genes that operate together are
OPERON
called an ________________
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/16GeneControl/lac_operon_ind.GIF
Name the regulatory regions upstream from
promoters in eukaryotic cells that bind
many different regulatory proteins
ENHANCER regions
Which sequence in eukaryotes helps position
RNA POLYMERASE? TATA box
Image by Riedell
The changing of a cell to become specialized
with different functions is called
DIFFERENTIATION
___________________
http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg
How does this happen?
Cells turn different genes on and off at different times
Tell what turns the lac operon off.
Repressor sits on the operator blocking
RNA polymerase from reading the code
What turns the lac operon ON?
When lactose is present, the repressor
binds lactose instead of the operator
Image modified from: http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/16GeneControl
In what kind of organisms would you
find operons?
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
prokaryotes
What does the TATA box do?
Help position RNA polymerase
In what kind of organisms would you
find TATA boxes and enhancer
regions?
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
eukaryotes
What is the function of hox genes?
Control growth and differentiation in
developing embryos