Transcript (a) (c)

Fig. 5-1
Who’s Cool???
Organic Molecules
Organic molecules are found in living
things.
The chemistry of carbon accounts for the
chemistry of organic molecules.
Organic molecules are macromolecules.
2-3
Hydrocarbon chains can have functional
groups that cause the macromolecule to
behave in a certain way.
(insert text art from top right column of page
31)
2-4
Macromolecules (polymers) are formed from
smaller building blocks called monomers.
Polymer
carbohydrate
protein
nucleic acid
Monomer
monosaccharides
amino acid
nucleotide
2-5
Fig. 5-2a
HO
1
2
3
H
Short polymer
HO
Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes a water
molecule, forming a new bond
HO
1
2
H
3
H2O
4
H
Longer polymer
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Fig. 5-2b
HO
1
2
3
4
Hydrolysis adds a water
molecule, breaking a bond
HO
1
2
3
(b) Hydrolysis of a polymer
H
H
H2O
HO
H
Carbohydrates
Fig. 5-3
Trioses (C3H6O3)
Pentoses (C5H10O5)
Hexoses (C6H12O6)
Glyceraldehyde
Ribose
Glucose
Galactose
Dihydroxyacetone
Ribulose
Fructose
Fig. 5-4
Glucose as a Monomer
(a) Linear and ring forms
(b) Abbreviated ring structure
Fig. 5-5
1–4
glycosidic
linkage
Glucose
Glucose
Maltose
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
1–2
glycosidic
linkage
Glucose
Fructose
(b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose
Sucrose
Starch vs Glycogen
Fig. 5-6
Chloroplast
Mitochondria Glycogen granules
Starch
0.5 µm
1 µm
Glycogen
Amylose
Amylopectin
(a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide
(b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide
Fig. 45-12-5
Body cells
take up more
glucose.
Insulin
Beta cells of
pancreas
release insulin
into the blood.
Liver takes
up glucose
and stores it
as glycogen.
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
rises.
Blood glucose
level declines.
Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
falls.
Blood glucose
level rises.
Alpha cells of pancreas
release glucagon.
Liver breaks
down glycogen
and releases
glucose.
Glucagon
Fig. 5-7bc
(b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers
Starch vs Cellulose
(c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers
Fig. 5-8
Cell walls
Cellulose
microfibrils
in a plant
cell wall
Microfibril
10 µm
0.5 µm
Cellulose
molecules
 Glucose
monomer
Table 5-1
Fig. 45-6-2
Epinephrine
Adenylyl
cyclase
G protein
G protein-coupled
receptor
GTP
ATP
cAMP
Inhibition of
glycogen synthesis
Promotion of
glycogen breakdown
Protein
kinase A
Second
messenger
Fig. 45-10
Major endocrine glands:
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Organs containing
endocrine cells:
Thymus
Heart
Adrenal
glands
Testes
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Kidney
Kidney
Small
intestine
Ovaries
Proteins
• Are composed of long chains of amino acids.
• These chains are coded for by the DNA in our
nuclei.
Fig. 5-UN1
 carbon
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
Fig. 5-17
Nonpolar
Glycine
(Gly or G)
Valine
(Val or V)
Alanine
(Ala or A)
Methionine
(Met or M)
Leucine
(Leu or L)
Trypotphan
(Trp or W)
Phenylalanine
(Phe or F)
Isoleucine
(Ile or I)
Proline
(Pro or P)
Polar
Serine
(Ser or S)
Threonine
(Thr or T)
Cysteine
(Cys or C)
Tyrosine
(Tyr or Y)
Asparagine Glutamine
(Asn or N) (Gln or Q)
Electrically
charged
Acidic
Aspartic acid Glutamic acid
(Glu or E)
(Asp or D)
Basic
Lysine
(Lys or K)
Arginine
(Arg or R)
Histidine
(His or H)
Fig. 5-18
Peptide
bond
(a)
Side chains
Peptide
bond
Backbone
(b)
Amino end
(N-terminus)
Carboxyl end
(C-terminus)
Fig. 5-21
Primary
Structure
Secondary
Structure
 pleated sheet
+H N
3
Amino end
Examples of
amino acid
subunits
 helix
Tertiary
Structure
Quaternary
Structure
Fig. 5-16
Check out the shape
of this protein!
Substrate
(sucrose)
Glucose
OH
Fructose
HO
Enzyme
(sucrase)
H2O
Fig. 5-21a
Primary Structure
1
+H
5
3N
Amino end
10
Amino acid
subunits
15
20
25
Fig. 5-21b
1
5
+H
3N
Amino end
10
Amino acid
subunits
15
20
25
75
80
90
85
95
105
100
110
115
120
125
Carboxyl end
Fig. 5-21c
Secondary Structure
 pleated sheet
Examples of
amino acid
subunits
 helix
Fig. 5-21f
Hydrophobic
interactions and
van der Waals
interactions
Polypeptide
backbone
Hydrogen
bond
Disulfide bridge
Ionic bond
Fig. 5-21e
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
Fig. 5-21g
Polypeptide
chain
 Chains
Iron
Heme
 Chains
Hemoglobin
Collagen
Fig. 5-22c
10 µm
Normal red blood
cells are full of
individual
hemoglobin
molecules, each
carrying oxygen.
10 µm
Fibers of abnormal
hemoglobin deform
red blood cell into
sickle shape.
Fig. 5-22
Normal hemoglobin
Primary
structure
Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Secondary
and tertiary
structures
 subunit
Function
Normal
hemoglobin
(top view)
Secondary
and tertiary
structures
1
2
3
Normal red blood
cells are full of
individual
hemoglobin
moledules, each
carrying oxygen.
6
7
 subunit

Sickle-cell
hemoglobin

Function

Molecules
interact with
one another and
crystallize into
a fiber; capacity
to carry oxygen
is greatly reduced.
10 µm
Red blood
cell shape
5
Exposed
hydrophobic
region

Molecules do
not associate
with one
another; each
carries oxygen.
4

Quaternary
structure

Val His Leu Thr Pro Val Glu


Quaternary
structure
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Primary
structure
10 µm
Red blood
cell shape
Fibers of abnormal
hemoglobin deform
red blood cell into
sickle shape.
Fig. 5-26-3
DNA
1 Synthesis of
mRNA in the
nucleus
mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
mRNA
2 Movement of
mRNA into cytoplasm
via nuclear pore
Ribosome
3 Synthesis
of protein
Polypeptide
Amino
acids
Fig. 5-23
Denaturation
Normal protein
Renaturation
Denatured protein
Lipids
3 Classes
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Fig. 5-11a
Fatty acid
(palmitic acid)
Glycerol
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
Triglycerides
• Are used to store energy, insulate, and protect.
• Are composed of long fatty acid chains
attached to a glycerol backbone
• Have a lot of bonds in their FACs and
therefore store “a whole whack” of energy!
Fig. 5-11b
Ester linkage
(b) Fat molecule (triglyceride)
Fig. 5-12a
Structural
formula of a
saturated fat
molecule
Stearic acid, a
saturated fatty
acid
(a) Saturated fat
Fig. 5-12b
Structural formula
of an unsaturated
fat molecule
Oleic acid, an
unsaturated
fatty acid
(b) Unsaturated fat
cis double
bond causes
bending
Phospholipids
• Make up the cell membrane and membranous
organelles.
• Are composed of two fatty acid chains and a
phosphate group attached to a glycerol
backbone.
• Have a polar “head” and a non-polar
(neutral) “tail”.
Hydrophobic tails
Hydrophilic head
Fig. 5-13
(a) Structural formula
Choline
Phosphate
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tails
(b) Space-filling model
(c) Phospholipid symbol
Fig. 5-14
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail
WATER
WATER
Emulsification
Steroids
• Commonly act as hormones that will “turn on”
or “turn off” genes.
• Are made of four fused carbon rings and
differ mostly because of their “attachments”
(side branches)
• Can travel right through the cell membrane as
they are non-polar.
Fig. 5-15
Spot the difference …
Fig. 45-10
Major endocrine glands:
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Organs containing
endocrine cells:
Thymus
Heart
Adrenal
glands
Testes
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Kidney
Kidney
Small
intestine
Ovaries
Fig. 45-7-2
Hormone
(estradiol)
Estradiol
(estrogen)
receptor
Plasma
membrane
Hormone-receptor
complex
DNA
Vitellogenin
mRNA
for vitellogenin
Nucleic Acids
• Have monomers called nucleotides.
• Nucleotides are composed of a sugar attached to a
phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
Three Types
DNA
RNA
ATP
Fig. 5-27ab
5' end
5'C
3'C
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous
base
5'C
Phosphate
group
5'C
3'C
(b) Nucleotide
3' end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
3'C
Sugar
(pentose)
Fig. 5-27
5 end
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
5C
3C
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous
base
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, in RNA)
Purines
Phosphate
group
5C
Sugar
(pentose)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
(b) Nucleotide
3C
Sugars
3 end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Ribose (in RNA)
(c) Nucleoside components: sugars
Fig. 5-27c-1
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T, in DNA)
Uracil (U, in RNA)
Purines
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
(c) Nucleotide components: nitrogenous bases
Fig. 5-27c-2
Sugars
Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Ribose (in RNA)
(c) Nucleoside components: sugars
DNA
• stays in nucleus.
• contains sections called
genes which code for
proteins (amino acid
sequences).
• is the genetic material
passed on to offspring
during reproduction .
RNA
• is copied from our DNA.
• leaves nucleus to allow
proteins to be made in the
cytoplasm.
• is temporary as it is
broken down shortly after
being used.
Fig. 8-8
ATP
Adenine
Phosphate groups
Ribose
Fig. 8-9
P
P
P
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
H2O
Pi
+
Inorganic phosphate
P
P
+
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Energy
Fig. 9-20
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Amino
acids
Sugars
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3- P
NH3
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Fats
Glycerol
Fatty
acids
Fig. 5-UN2
Fig. 5-UN2a
Fig. 5-UN2b