Transcript Understanding Our Environment

Plant Metabolism
Chapter 10
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Outline
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Photosynthesis
 Major Steps of Photosynthesis
 Light-Dependent Reactions
 Light-Independent Reactions
 C4 Photosynthesis
 CAM Photosynthesis
Respiration
 Glycolysis
 Electron Transport Chain
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Enzymes and Energy Transfer
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Enzymes regulate most metabolic activities.
 Anabolism - Storing Energy.
- Photosynthesis reactions
 Catabolism - Consuming Stored Energy.
- Respiration reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
 Oxidation - Loss of electron(s).
 Reduction - Gain of electron(s)
- Usually coupled
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Photosynthesis
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Energy for most cellular activity involves
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
 Plants make ATP using light as an energy
source.
- Take place in cholorpolasts and other
green parts of the organisms.
6CO2+12H2O + light  C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O
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Carbon Dioxide
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Carbon dioxide reaches cholorplasts in the
mesophyll cells by diffusing through the
stomata into the leaf interior.
 Use of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other
human activities have added excess carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere.
- May enhance photosynthesis.
 Plants may counter-balance by
developing fewer stomata.
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Water
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Less than 1% of all the water absorbed by
plants is used in photosynthesis.
 Most of the remainder is transpired or
incorporated into plant materials.
If water is in short supply, stomata usually
close and thus reduce the supply of carbon
dioxide available for photosynthesis.
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Light
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About 40% of the radiant energy received on
earth is in the form of visible light.
 Leaves commonly absorb about 80% of
the visible light reaching them.
- Light intensity varies with time of day,
season, altitude, latitude, and
atmospheric composition.
 Considerable variation in the light
intensities necessary for optimal
photosynthetic rates.
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Light Wavelengths
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Effects of Light and Temperature
on Photosynthesis
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Chlorophyll
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Several different types of chlorophyll.
 Most plants contain both chlorophyll a
(blue-green) and chlorophyll b (yellowgreen).
- Other pigments include carotenoids
(yellow and orange) phycobilins (blue or
red), and several other types of
chlorophyll.
- About 250-400 pigment molecules group
as a photosynthetic unit.
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Major Steps of Photosynthesis
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Light Dependent Reactions
 Water molecules split apart.
 Electrons passed along electron transport.
 ATP produced.
 NADPH produced.
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Major Steps of Photosynthesis
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Light Independent Reactions
 Calvin Cycle
- Carbon dioxide combined with RuBP
and then combined molecules are
converted to sugars (Glucose).
 Energy furnished by ATP and NADPH
from Light-Dependent Reactions.
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Light Dependent Reactions - In Depth
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Each pigment has its own distinctive pattern
of light absorption.
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Light Dependent Reactions - In Depth
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Two types of photosynthetic units present in
most chloroplasts make up photosystems.
 Photosystems I and II
- Both can produce ATP.
- Only organisms with both photosystem I
and photosystem II can produce NADPH
and oxygen as a consequence of
electron flow.
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Photosystems
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Light Independent Reactions - In Depth
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Calvin Cycle
 Six molecules of CO2 combine with six
molecules of RuBP with the aid of rubisco.
 Resulting complexes split into twelve
3PGA molecules.
 NADPH and ATP supply energy and
electrons that reduce 3PGA to 12 GA3P.
 Ten of the twelve GA3P molecules are
restructured into six RuBP molecules.
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The Calvin Cycle
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Photorespiration
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Stomata usually close on hot, dry days.
 Closed stomata prevent carbon dioxide
from entering the leaf.
- When carbon dioxide levels drop below
about 50 parts per million,
photorespiration is initiated.
 Rubisco fixes oxygen instead of
carbon dioxide.
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Light Independent Reactions - In Depth
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4-Carbon Pathway
 Plants have Kranz Anatomy.
- Large chloroplast with few to no grana in
the bundle sheath cells surrounding the
veins.
- Smaller chloroplasts with well-developed
grana in the mesophyll cells.
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Corn (Zea Mays) Cross-Section
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4-Carbon Pathway
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Plants with Kranz Anatomy produce
oxaloacetic acid (4-carbon compound).
 Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and carbon
dioxide combined in mesophyll cells with
the aid of PEP carboxylase.
- Provides a major reduction in
photorespiration.
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CAM Photosynthesis
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Similar to C4 photosynthesis in that 4-carbon
compounds are produced during the lightindependent reactions.
 However, in CAM, the organic acids
accumulate at night and break down during
the day, releasing carbon dioxide.
- Allows plants to function well under
limited water supplies, as well as high
light intensity.
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CAM Photosynthesis
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Respiration
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Respiration is essentially the release of
energy from glucose molecules that are
broken down to individual carbon dioxide
molecules.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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Respiration
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Fermentation
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + ATP
C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + ATP
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Factors Affecting the Rate of Respiration
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Temperature
Water
Oxygen
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Major Steps of Respiration
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Glycolysis
 Glucose molecule becomes a fructose
molecule carrying two phosphates.
 Fructose molecule is split into two GA3P
molecules.
 Some hydrogen, energy, and water are
removed, leaving pyruvic acid.
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Major Steps of Respiration
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Aerobic Respiration
 Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
O.A. + acetyl CoA + ADP+P+3NAD + FAD

O.A. + CoA+ATP+3NADH+H+ + FADH2+2CO2
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Electron Transport
 Oxidative Phosphorylation
 Chemiosmosis
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III. Respiration
A. The Essence of Respiration
1. Respiration defined
• energy releasing process where simple sugars are broken
down during a series of stages controlled by enzymes
2. Summary equation for respiration
enzymes
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --------------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + nenergy
3. Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
Two forms
enzymes
C6H12O6 -----------------> ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy (ATP)
enzymes
C6H12O6 ------------------> lactic acid + energy (ATP)
B. Introduction to the Major Steps of Respiration
1. Glycolysis
2. Aerobic respiration
a. The Krebs cycle
b. The Electron transport chain
3. Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
4. Factors affecting the rate of respiration
a. Temperature
b. Water
c. Oxygen
C. A Closer Look at Respiration
1. Glycolysis reexamined
a. Phosphorylation
b. Sugar cleavage
c. Pyruvic acid formation
2. The Krebs cycle reexamined
3. The Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
IV. Assimilation and Digestion
A. Assimilation Defined
• use of photosynthetic products in the building of protoplasm
and cell walls
B. Digestion Defined
• conversion of starch and other insoluble carbohydrates to
soluble forms
C. Examples
Assimilation and Digestion
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Assimilation is the process of using organic
matter produced through photosynthesis to
build protoplasm and cell walls.
Digestion is the conversion of starch and
other insoluble carbohydrates to soluble
forms.
 Nearly always hydrolysis.
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Review
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Photosynthesis
 Major Steps of Photosynthesis
 Light-Dependent Reactions
 Light-Independent Reactions
 C4 Photosynthesis
 CAM Photosynthesis
Respiration
 Glycolysis
 Electron Transport Chain
Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission
Required for Reproduction or Display
Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies