Transcript 5-Renaissance__Early_High__Styles_ - techtheatre

Renaissance
1430-1620
The Early Renaissance
1430-1495
The High Renaissance
1495-1520
Chronology
Early and High Renaissance
The Early Renaissance Period: 1430 - 1495
• Took place during the 15th century in Italy, and was centered in Florence,
•Can be considered the period of youthful experimentation in the new Renaissance culture,
•Saw the emergence of a new source of patronage of the arts- the wealthy merchant class,
•Saw experimentation with mathematically derived formulae to achieve order and balance in
architectural design,
and the invention of linear perspective to achieve depth and distance in painting,
• Is represented by the painter Tomasso Cassai (Masaccio) (1401-28), the sculptor Donatello, and the
architect Brunelleschi.
The High Renaissance Period: 1495-1520
• Was centered in Rome in the early 16th century and was to last a mere 25 years,
• Is considered a period of maturity and strength, the high point of achievement in art and architecture,
that was to influence artistic standards for the next four centuries,
• Saw a resurgence of patronage by the Church as Catholicism was revitalized,
• Is represented by the painter Leonardo da Vinci and the painter, sculptor and architect Michelangelo
"Renaissance" (rebirth)
The revival of interest in the aesthetic and philosophical ideals of Greek and
Roman civilization that developed in the 15th century in Italy and spread to the
rest of Europe in the 16th.
The middle class or merchant class became the new patrons of the arts.
The philosophy of Humanism: based on the Platonic notion of the opposition
between:
• the ideal, spiritual side of man's nature - the mind
• the carnal side - matter
Mind over matter achieved through:
• exercise of discipline
• application of rational thought
Age of Experimentation
Humanists began to observe the natural world in detail and in accurate depiction.
The Book of the Courtier – The “How to…” of the perfect Renaissance Society
By Baldassare Castiglione (started in 1508… published in 1528)
It addresses the constitution of a perfect courtier, and in its last installment, a
perfect lady… considered one of the most important Renaissance works.
The “Family”
• Father (head): absolute authority
• Mother: bear children and run the household
Arranged marriages - The cassone [kuh-soh-nee] (pictured)
Capitalism – money was everything
ITALY
The powerful Florentine Medici family considered it a duty, as educated and
visionary leaders, to build important monuments and embellish them with the
finest art works.
Lorenzo di Medici - Lorenzo the Magnificent - was patron to artists and
intellectuals whose work is still considered significant today. Examples:
• Donatello (sculptor, 1377-1446)
• Brunelleschi (architect, ca. 1386-1466 )
THE NORTH: Germany, Spain, France and England
Late 15th century until the 1520s, the arts flourished in Austria and Germany
under the Holy Roman Empire. German artists were among the first to be
influenced by Italian Renaissance forms.
< Communion of Saints
By Jan Van Eyck [(væn ˈaɪk)]
(c.1385-1441)
Atmospheric Perspective Things in the distance appear
fuzzier than things in the
foreground due to particles in the
air. Color and detail are not as
sharp in the distance.
> Crucifixion
By Masaccio [muh-sah-chee-oh] (1427)
Linear Perspective - Linear perspective is based on
the observation that parallel lines will converge to a
common vanishing point on the horizon line. There are
three types of linear perspective: One point, two point,
and three point.
Sebastiano Serlio (1475-1554)
3 ideal backdrops:
Tragedy
Verisimilitude: truth seeming
Linear Perspective
Comedy
Pastoral
Italian
Renaissance
Early Renaissance
Florence Cathedral (started 1296…completed 1436)
15th century, artists and intellectuals began to search for some absolute standards
by which to judge cultural activity.
Filippo Brunelleschi, The dome design of the Florence Cathedral utilized new
engineering techniques and a scientific approach to construction problems. (1420)
< Dome interior fresco by Giorgio
Vasari and Frederico Zuccari (15721579) depicts the Last Judgment.
Florence Cathedral
Pointed Arch
Octagonal Drum
Oculus
Medici-Riccardi Palace (1444)
The model for the great Italian town
houses of the Renaissance.
Rusticated stone blocks: rough (rustic)
facade
Loggia: gallery or porch-like space with
one side open to the outside through
column arcade.
The courtyard of the was once the
home of Donatello's David,
a work that typifies the youthful
experimentation of early
Renaissance sculpture.
Cartouche: a
rounded, convex
surface, usually
surrounded with
carved
ornamental
scrollwork
Stringcourse:
continuous
horizontal band
of moulding
Cornice:
uppermost
horizontal band
of moulding
(ornamental)
High Renaissance
Mona Lisa (c. 1503) “La Gioconda”
By Leonardo da Vinci
This figure of Francesco del Giocondo,
dressed in the Florentine fashion of her
day and seated in a visionary,
mountainous landscape.
A remarkable instance of Leonardo's
sfumato technique: the subtle and
minute gradation of tone and color used
to blur or veil the contours of a form in
painting.
Chiaroscuro - "light and shade" or
“light and dark“… referring to the
modeling of volume by depicting light
and shade and contrasting them boldly.
St. Peter’s Basilica
(1546-64)
Bisymmetrical: Vertical and
horizontal are balanced
Michelangelo Buonarroti took up the
challenge in 1546, retaining the Donato
Bramante central plan but simplifying it into
a single, unified interior with a dome.
St. Peter’s Basilica
(1546-64)
The west end, a later
addition by Carlo Maderna
(1559-1629)
bisymmetrical, the
prominent central element
being a pedimented
porch, so often seen in
Renaissance architecture.
France & England
Renaissance
Chateau of Chenonceaux (1515)
Italian classical influence on French
Renaissance architecture
Its plan and formal garden layout reflects the
classical principles of regularity and
symmetry.
The building is typically French in its retention
of Gothic ideals, seen in the steeply gabled
roof line and turrets.
England:
Ockwells Manor
(1465) Tudor Style
Wattle and Daub: a
building technique
employing wattles
plastered with clay and
mud.
Armorial Pattern:
heraldry (coat of arms)
England: King’s College Chapel (1441-1515)
Architecture during the early part of the Tudor
dynasty (1485-1603) never completely
acknowledged the Italian classical principles that
were filtering into the rest of Europe.
Perpendicular Gothic
Tudor Arch: a low, wide arch that often framed
the oriel window (bay window)
Renaissance
Furniture &
Decoration
The Dream of St. Ursula
(1490)
Vittore Carpaccio
Delicacy of the
Early Renaissance
Bull's eye pattern
Dado: the lower broad
part of an interior wall
The Birth of the Virgin (1485-90)
Domenico del Ghirlandaio
Intarsia: A decorative inlaid pattern in a surface, especially a mosaic worked in
wood… a canthus leaf, amphoras (two-handled jar), shells, festoons (string or
chain of flowers, ribbon, etc.) and garlands .
BUY THIS BOOK: Alexander Speltz's "The Styles of Ornament"
The simple Dante chair co-existed with the multiple-spoked "Savonarola"
version. Girolamo Savonarola Italian reformer . (16th Century)
French Dining Table (16th Century)
Carved “skirting” with griffins or chimera (a mythological, fire-breathing monster,
commonly represented with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail. )
Lamentation for Christ (1503)
Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht Dürer (painter and
engraver, 1471-1528) studied the
work of his Italian
contemporaries, publishing
theoretical treatises on
Renaissance problems of linear
perspective and ideal human
proportions.
Italian
Renaissance
Dress
Italian costume reflects both its proximity to the remnants of the glorious Roman
past, and to the Byzantine Empire.
Italian costume silhouette remained consistent with the new art and architecture in
its integration of classical ideas with the silhouettes of the Gothic period.
As the period progressed and fit became an important factor, new methods of
closure were found. Button closures became an alternate to lacing.
The middle class bought their clothing ready made, and the trade in second-hand
clothing was lively.
Costume stressed horizontality and simple, geometric forms over the complexity
and excessive embellishment of the Gothic.
Costume lines reflected the natural silhouette, and tended toward broad
horizontality, in contrast to the artificial silhouette created by tight fit, pointed shoes
and hats, and the emphasis on vertical lines seen in the north.
Medici-Riccardi Palace
Fresco (1460)
Italian textiles by this time were highly
regulated by the Guilds, and were becoming
renowned all over Europe for their quality and
beauty of design.
Craftsmen in the silk industry emigrated to
France, Flanders and Switzerland to establish
industries there.
Discovery of the True Cross
Piero Della Francesca (Italy 1460)
Doublet : waist-length or had a separate piece, a
peplum or skirt, that reached below the hip.
The Italians preferred earth-tones over the bright,
heraldic colors of the north.
The Legend of St. Ursula
Vittore Carpaccio (Italy 1490)
Doublet (High Fashion) : V-necked
opening, laced loosely across the linen
camisia (shirt or tunic).
Sleeves were separate pieces, laced to the
doublet shoulder, and slashed open to
show the shirt.
Puffs of shirt fabric were drawn through the
openings.
Revers [ri-veer]: lapels
Footed hose, which had a leather sole
stitched to the fabric, are seen along with
shoes.
Duck-billed Shoes (right)
The School of Tagaste
Benozzo Gozzoli (Italy 1464)
Jacket and Huke : a cape-like overgown
Note the hanging sleeves of the young boys.
The Healing of Tabitha (fresco)
Masolino, Brancacci Chapel (Italy 1424)
Houppelande : most likely to be worn just
to the knee
It had all manner of sleeve shapes,
including wide, funnel-shaped sleeves, as
seen at right, or an open hanging sleeve or
slit "bagpipe" sleeve.
High-Crowned Hat
Cappucino: was a chaperon, or
hood, wrapped around a cork form to
produce a characteristic turban style
Round
Pillboxes
Birth of St John the Baptist
Domenico Ghirlandaio
(Italy 1470)
Outer Gown: a V-shaped
opening laced over the
camisia. Sleeves slit vertically
or small lashes.
Bianca Maria Sforza
Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis
(Italy 1493)
Ferroniere: A jewel held to the
forehead by a chain worn by women
in France and Italy in the 16th century
to hide the marks of syphilis.
Young women dressed their hair in
complex knots and braids,
ornamented with jeweled chains and
gold nets.
Matrons were seen with a variety of
turbans and padded forms draped
with veils.
Adimari Cassone
(c. 1450)
Figures in a wedding processional, shows all manner of hat and turban shapes,
and an elegant group wearing flowing houppelandes with trailing sleeves.
La Donna Velata
Raphael (Italy 1515)
By the beginning of the 16th
century, Italian costume came
under the influence of German,
French and Spanish styles.
The ideal of feminine beauty
leaned toward the full-figured.
Interest in plain but luxurious
silks was evident.
The bodice here has an
extremely low neckline, exposing
the camisia and the upper torso.
Discuss these 2
images in regard to the
ELEMENTS OF
DESIGN
< Donatello’s
David (1430)
> Michelangelo’s
David (1501-04)