Transcript File
The Renaissance and the Age of Exploration (1400-1600AD) NOTE THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND OTHER EXAMPLES OF GLOBALIZATION AS YOU GO! SECOND PHASE OF GLOBALIZATION : EXCHANGE OF LUXURY GOODS, MASS PRODUCED GOODS (MERCANTILISM), IDEAS – POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS Ottoman Empire began to emerge in 1300 its growth prevented much of the trade from the east from getting to Europe forced Europeans to find other routes to the east – Portugal went around Africa made its goal the conquest of Europe conquered Constantinople in 1453 ending the Byzantine Empire conquered Hungary, North Africa, and what is now Iraq before 1550 constant threat to Europe Europe 1479 – Castile and Aragon unite to become Spain 1480 – Spanish Inquisition begins work 1492 – last foothold of Islam driven from Spain Russia (Muscovy) begins to emerge as a result of the Ivan III (“the Terrible”) Eliminates the last of the Khanates (Golden Horde) and begins spread east Silk Road The silk road was a trading route that extended from Southern Europe through the middle East as far west as China. Valuable items such as spices, silk and glassware were brought from Asia to Europe. Ideas and religion were also exchanged along the route, which also brought change to Europe. The route was a very dangerous place as traders were often robbed or charged a fee to pass through certain areas. Map of the Silk Road Renaissance Rapid change in European society as a result of increased stability and the resurfacing of classical works shipped to Rome from Byzantium (1453) to save it from the Ottoman Empire. Leonardo Da Vinci – Renaissance Man – painter (Mona Lisa & Last Supper), sculptor, architect, physicist, anatomist, inventor (Tank, Helicopter, Subs, Turbines, Augers) Michelangelo – Sistine Chapel Rembrandt Da Vinci Michelangelo Rembrandt Increased scientific inquiry, philosophical resurgence, and classical works Humanism – shift from God-centered to humancentered, and corporatism to individualism Movable type makes its way to Europe – Gutenberg Bible Sudden availability of printed books lead to questioning of the Catholic Church Reformation a direct result of the Renaissance 1517 - Martin Luther – emphasized the importance of the Bible and rejected the Catholic adherence to the saints, sale of indulgences, pilgrimages, and veneration of relics Split Europe in two (Catholic and Lutheran) and then many followed John Calvin – more militant Protestantism (Calvinism) St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre – worst atrocity of the French Wars of Religion when Catholics slaughtered Protestants (Huguenots) in retaliation (20 000 killed in France) 1534 - Henry VIII – after desiring to divorce his first wife and being refused by the Pope declares himself head of the English Church (“Catholic light”) Six wives – 2 divorces, 1 out lives, 2 executed, 1 dies Three children – Mary, Elizabeth, Edward Edward VI becomes king and dies young, “Bloody” Mary I (RC) becomes tries to make England Catholic again, Elizabeth I – defeats the Spanish Armada w/ Drake (beginning of British dominance), supports Shakespeare, dies unmarried, James I (VI - Scotland) Lead to civil wars and social upheaval (esp. in Holy Roman Empire) Edward/Mary Elizabeth Calendars and Globalization 1582 Gregorian Calendar introduced by Pope Gregory XIII to adjust for leap years – dropped ten days from the calendar to adjust for the lost days since the Council of Nicaea in 325AD Protestants refused to change for a couple of years because he was Catholic. Eastern Orthodox Church refuses to adjust their calendars until the 20th century which is why their New Year and Christmas are different The Gregorian calendar was adopted by the Republic of China effective January 1, 1912 for official business, but the general populace continued to use the traditional calendar. Communist China officially adopted it in 1949. Age of Exploration An attempt to find new routes to the eastern spices due to Ottomans Emergence of Banks help finance voyages Vikings discovered Newfoundland in 1000 CE but after a few years of colonization pull out and never return Chinese actually discovered America in 1433 but did not colonize due to isolationist policies 1488 – Portuguese circumnavigated Africa and exploited local trade routes in India, Indonesian islands, and China 1492 – Columbus (S) discovers Central America Start of “historical globalization” 1497 – John Cabot (E) rediscovers Newfoundland 1500 – Cabral (P) sights Brazil 1507 – Amerigo Vespucci maps and names America 1522 – Magellan’s (P) expedition circumnavigates the globe 1534 – Cartier (F) explores St. Lawrence and Montreal 1610 – Hudson (E) explores Hudson’s Bay and is set adrift with his son 1738 – James Cook (E) explores the south Pacific Lead in the exploration of the world shifted the balance of power in Europe’s direction Most colonies only for trade/supply outposts (Spain the exception) Globalization Lessons: