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Enzymes and Vitamins Academic
21.8 Vitamins and Coenzymes
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Enzymes and Vitamins
Enzymes are proteins that allow
chemical reactions to occur in your cells.
Enzymes allow your cells to extract
nutrients from foods, run your
metabolism efficiently, and build/break
down molecules for construction and
repair of cells
 Many vitamins act to help enzymes do
their job. Without them, enzymes can’t
work efficiently
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Water-Soluble Vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins are:
 Soluble in water (Vitamins B and C)
 Used as helpers by many enzymes.
 Not stored in the body -> extra are urinated out
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Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins:
 Are A, D, E, and K.
 Soluble in lipids, but not in water.
 Important in vision, bone formation,
antioxidants, and blood clotting.
 Stored in the body.
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Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Thiamin:
 Was the first B vitamin identified.
 Is part of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate.
 Deficiency results in beriberi (fatigue, weight
loss, and nerve degeneration).
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Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Riboflavin is:
 Needed for good vision and healthy skin.
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Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Niacin:
 Deficiency can result in
dermatitis, muscle fatigue,
and loss of appetite.
 Is found in meats, rice,
and whole grains.
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Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
Pantothenic acid:
 needed for energy production as well as making
glucose and cholesterol.
 Deficiency can result in fatigue, retarded
growth, cramps, and anemia.
 Is found in salmon, meat, eggs, whole grains,
and vegetables.
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Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Deficiency of pyridoxine may lead to dermatitis,
fatigue, and anemia.
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Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
Cobalamin:
 Is a coenzyme for enzymes
that transfer methyl
groups and produce red
blood cells.
 Deficiency can lead to
anemia and nerve damage.
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Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
Vitamin C:
 Is required to make collagen
 Deficiency can lead to
weakened connective tissue,
slow-healing wounds, and
anemia.
 Is found in blueberries,
citrus fruits, tomatoes,
broccoli, red and green
vegetables.
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Folic Acid (Folate)
Folic acid (folate):
 Helps enzymes to form
DNA in new cells
 Deficiency can lead to
abnormal red blood cells,
anemia, and poor growth.
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Vitamin A


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Vitamin A is obtained from meats and betacarotenes in plants (carrots for example)
Beta-carotenes are converted by liver enzymes
to vitamin A (retinol).
Important in vision, bone growth, and healthy
skin formation
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Vitamin D
Vitamin D (D3):
 Is synthesized in skin
exposed to sunlight.
 Regulates the absorption of
phosphorus and calcium
during bone growth.
 Deficiency can result in
weakened bones.
 Sources include cod liver oil,
egg yolk, and enriched milk.
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Vitamin E
Vitamin E:
 Is an antioxidant in cells.
 Is found in vegetable oils, whole grains, and
vegetables.
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Vitamin K

Vitamin K2 is needed for the synthesis of
zymogens for blood clotting.
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