Transcript Organic Compounds

Organic
Compounds
Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Proteins & Nucleic Acids
Carbon
 Why



is carbon so special?
Atomic # 6
4 valence electrons
Can make up to 4 covalent bonds
 Building
block for the biomolecules of life!
Macromolecules
4
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
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Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acids
 People
Love Chicken Nuggets
Macromolecules
 Every

macromolecule has
Monomer
 Single

unit of a whole
Polymer
 Many
units or monomers bonded together
Carbohydrates
 Made

of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
Unique 1:2:1 pattern
 Used
for energy mostly and sometimes for
structure in plants
 Monomer: monosaccharide
 2 monomers: disaccharide
 Polymer: polysaccharide
Units of Carbs
 There
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Glucose – our energy source
Fructose - sweetner
Galactose – not as common
 There
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
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are 3 monosaccharides
are 3 polysaccharides
Glycogen – how we store carbs
Starch – how plants store carbs
Cellulose – structure in plants
Lipids
 Made
of carbon & hydrogen
 Does not dissolve in water
 High ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms
 Four types of lipids
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Fats
Oils
Waxes
Triglycerides
Triglycerides - FATS
 Saturated

Have no double bonds in their fatty acid
chains – maximum # of H atoms
 Straight
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Fat
chain
Usually animal fats
Solid at room temperature
Triglycerides – OILS
 Unsaturated

Have at least one double bond in their fatty
acid chain
 Forms


Fat
a kink in the chain
Usually oils and from plants
Liquid at room temperature
Phospholipid
Phospholipid
 Found
in all our cells
 Makes up the cell membrane
 2 layers of phospholipids  lipid bilayer
Phospholipid Bilayer
Wax
 One
fatty acid chain to a glycerol
 Waterproof
 Create protective layer in animals and
plants
Steroids - hormones
Steroids
 Four
carbon rings linked together
 Usually our hormones
 Ex: Cholesterol is found in our cell
membranes
 http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesi
ty/obesity_molecular/01.html
 http://www.wisconline.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=
AP13204
Protein
 Macromolecules
with carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen
 Monomer: amino acid
 2 monomers: dipeptide
 Polymer: polypeptide
Amino Acids
 Each
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
amino acid has three main groups
Amino group
Carboxyl group
R group (changes)
 Change
the formation and properties of the
amino acid
Amino Acid
Glycine
R group
 The
R group makes each amino acid
different
 There are 20 possible amino acids based
off this one group
 The R group is = variable
Proteins
 Peptide
bond = covalent
bond
 Links amino acids together
 For every peptide bond, one molecule of
water is formed
Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=va0D
NJId_CM
Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a
8yUYQ
Enzymes
 Proteins
are in our bodies everywhere!
 Enzyme is a type of protein that is a
catalyst

Catalyst starts a reaction
 Produce
proteins
Enzymes
 Each
enzyme has an area known as the
active site
 Where a specific molecule binds and a
reaction occurs

The molecule binding is called a substrate
Enzyme conditions
 Enzymes
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work at a specific conditions
Temperature
pH
 Causes
enzyme to change shape and
lose its function
 http://www.sumanasinc.com/webconten
t/animations/content/proteinstructure.ht
ml
Nucleic Acids
 Contains
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus
Nucleic Acids
 Monomer
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= nucleotide
5 carbon sugar
Phosphorous group
Nitrogenous base
Properties
 Store
genetic information
 Two kinds of nucleic acids


DNA
RNA
Fold it!
 Help
scientists figure out protein folding
 This game is open to the public
 The first hundred puzzles are known
proteins
 But many proteins are not decoded and
scientists are asking for our help to figure
them out
 http://fold.it/