Transcript Beyond Guilt and Fear

Malnutrition Defined
Text extracted from
The World Food Problem
Leathers & Foster, 2004
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Malnutrition
• Overnutrition
• Undernutrition
– Secondary
Malnutrition
– Micronutrient
Malnutrition
– Protein Energy
Malnutrition
• Most important
Protein Energy
Malnutrition
Undernutrition
http://www.answers.com/topic/percentage-population-undernourished-world-map-png-1
Secondary Malnutrition
• Diet normal
• Food not digested or
absorbed
– Diarrhea
– Parasites
Tapeworm
Micronutrient Malnutrition
• Deficiency in:
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–
–
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–
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Rickets (Vitamin D deficiency)
Vitamin A
Iodine
Iron
Zinc
Calcium
Vitamin D
B Vitamins
Vitamin C
Vitamin A Deficiency
• 500,000 children
become blind each year
– xerophthalmia
• Half of these will die
within a year of
becoming blind
• Rice diet lacking green
vegetables
– Vitamin supplements
help: cost $3/year
– Golden Rice could help
Iodine Deficiency
• Iodine deficiency
– affects 740 million people worldwide
– single greatest cause of preventable
brain damage in babies
– Goiter
– Stillbirth
– Miscarriages
– Mental Retardation
• Prevented by iodized salt
• Best sources of natural iodine
– Sea weed
– Sea food
Goiter (thyroid enlargement)
Iron Deficiency Anemia
• Affects 2 billion people,
• 90% live in developing
countries
– 39% of preschool children
– 52% of pregnant women
• Reduced
– physical activity
– mental activity
• Increased
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birth mortality
Worms
Malaria
HIV
• High iron rice could help
Iron, Vitamin A & Iodine Deficiency
http://www.css.cornell.edu/FoodSystems/Micros&AgriMan1ref.htg/img4.gif
Other Deficiencies
• Zinc
– Growth retardation
– delayed sexual
maturation
– skin and eye lesions
– 48% of world at risk for
zinc deficiency
• Calcium
– Osteoporosis: bone loss
• Vitamin D
– Rickets: bone
malformation
Other Deficiencies
• Vitamin C
– Causes Scurvy: problem in
refugee camps
• Niacin
– Causes Pellagra: dermatitis,
diarrhea, dementia
– Due to diet high in maize (low
in tryptophan)
• Thiamin
– Causes Beriberi
– Due to diet high in polished rice
• Folate
– Birth defects: Anancephaly and
Spina Bifida
Protein Energy Malnutrition
(PEM)
• Underconsumption of
calories or protein
• Most important form of
malnutrition
• Associated with poverty
– Not enough food
– Poor quality food
• Kwashiorkor
– Extreme protein deficiency
Kwashiorkor
• Marasmus
– Extreme calorie deficiency
Kwashiorkor
• Protein deficiency often
associated with weaning
onto thin cereal gruels.
– Cassava
– Plantains
• Bloating of the stomach
due to edema
– Fluid leaking into body
– Wasted muscles
• Antibodies degraded to
provide protein to body
– Infection
– Dysentery
– Death
Marasmus
• Calorie deficiency
– Lack of food
– Poorest populations
– Neglected
• Infants
• children
• Protein used for energy
• Results in wasting
– Deterioration of tissues
• Brain development
impaired
Balanced Protein
• Protein are made of amino
acids
• Essential amino acids
– Body cannot make
– Required in diet
• Animal proteins have
perfect balance of amino
acids
– Meat
– Milk
– Eggs
Complementing Proteins
• Plant proteins are deficient
in different essential
amino acids
• Cereals
– Low in lysine
• Beans
– Low in methionine
• Must eat both cereal and
beans together to get
balanced amino acids
– Complementing proteins
Rice and Beans
Calorie Deficiency
• Most widespread problem
among poor
• Cannot get enough calories
(energy) in diet
– Most get enough protein
• Calorie requirements vary
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Age
Sex
Pregnancy
Lactation
Nutritional Needs
• RDA
– Recommended Daily
Allowance
– Level of nutrients adequate
for 97-98% of the group
– Good target for individuals
• EAR
– Estimated Average
Requirement
http://www.fda.gov/diabetes/pyramid.gif
– Level of nutrients adequate
for ½ individuals in group
– Always lower than RDA
– Good target for average
intake of a group