Transcript Transcription andTranslation Flip Book

Transcription and Translation
Flip Book
Your Name
Your Class Period
Transcription Flap
Definition of Transcription
RNA is made
• The process by which ______
DNA
from part of the ______
sequence that
codes for a protein (gene)
• Transcription is taking the original (master)
blueprint DNA and making a _______
in
copies
the form of RNA
• This RNA blueprint will be used to
proteins
assemble _________
Transcription Flap
Steps of Transcription
1. An ______,
enzyme RNA polymerase unzips
the DNA molecule at the region of the
gene that is being transcribed
DNA 2. Free _____________
form base
RNA nucleotides
A
pairs with their complementary
T
nucleotides on the DNA strand
C DNA
3. mRNA threads away and the _____
G strand rejoins
nucleus and goes
4. mRNA leaves the _______
ribosome
to the cytoplasm (__________)
RNA
U
A
G
C
Transcription Flap
• A Codon is a group of 3 nucleotides in
amino acid
mRNA that specifies an ___________
(building blocks of protein)
codon
• Think of the ______
as the drawings on
the blueprint for the genetic code
Translation Flap
Definition of Translation
mRNA
• Use the codon of _______
to specify the
protein
sequence of amino acids to build a _____
• It is time for the Blueprint (DNA-mRNA) to
be read
mRNA is sent to the
• The Blueprint (______)
ribosome
construction site (________)
Translation Flap
Steps
of
Translation
mRNA
1. ______
arrives at the Ribosome
Codon Anti-codon
anti-codons
2. tRNA __________
are
mRNA tRNA
complementary to the mRNA
A
U
U
A
condon
________
G
C
3. tRNA picks up an __________
amino acid
tRNA delivers the amino acid to the
4. _____
ribosome
___________
5. Amino acids are assembled into
proteins
polypeptide chains, to form ______,
held together with peptide bonds
-+
When the mRNA is first transcribed, there are long
nucleotides
sequences of ___________
that are not
required for the synthesis of the protein called
_____. The DNA sequences that code for the
introns
exons
protein are known as ______.
Introns are
edited out (cut out) of the mRNA before it
leaves the nucleus and the remaining ______
exons
are spliced together to form the final mRNA
Top of Mutation Flap
GENETIC MUTATIONS
(pp. 307-308)
change in the DNA sequence
A mutation is________________________.
Although
many mutations are harmful, some mutations are
silent
beneficial
_________,
and others may be very ____________
to
an organism. There are two categories of mutations:
A. Chromosomal Mutations
A chromosomal mutation involves a change in the
structure
______________
of the entire chromosome or a change
number
in the total ____________
of chromosomes. Does not
genes
alter individual ________.
These errors generally occur
mitosis
meiosis
during _____________
or ____________.
Chromosomal Mutations
Bottom of Mutation Flap
Gene Mutations
A gene mutation is a change in one gene
on an individual chromosome. This may
nucleotide
result in a change in only one _________
or many nucleotides making up that gene
might be altered. The incidence of gene
mutations is relatively low due to the
enzymes
proofread
action of _________
that _________
the
replication
DNA sequence after __________.There
are two types of gene mutations:
Bottom of Mutation Flap
1. Point Mutations – This is a change in one or just a few
nucleotides but the total number of nucleotides in the
___________,
gene is not changed. This might have no effect, or
change one amino acid. Therefore, the resulting
protein may or may not be altered.
________
addition
2. Frameshift Mutations – This involves the __________
deletion
nucleotide
or __________
of a ____________.
When a nucleotide
is inserted or deleted, this shifts the reading of the
codons therefore, the ___________
translation
remainder of the ________;
of the remainder of the mRNA is altered. This will
usually result in tremendous changes in the
_______________
chain and completed protein.
amino acid
Gene Mutations