Transcript Survey of A&P/Chapter 2

I. Atoms
A.
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B.
C.
D.
Subatomic Particles
Protons (+) in nucleus
Neutrons (0) in nucleus
Electrons (-) in orbitals energy levels
1st- 2electrons 2nd- 8 electrons
3rd orbital 8 or 18 electrons
Atomic number – number of protons
Atomic mass – protons & neutrons
Isotopes – same element w/
different number of neutrons
E. Chemical properties – reactivity,
F. Physical properties – descriptive
solid shape color
G. Elements
1. C H O N Na Cl S Mg K Ca Fe P
2. Periodic table
• 6 – atomic number = # of protons
• C – element symbol
• 12 – atomic mass = # of protons + #
of neutrons
II.Chemical Compounds – 2 or more
elements combined
A. Molecules “compounds”
• H20, O2, NaCl “salt”, CO2,
C6H12O6- monosaccharide (glucose)
• HCl – “hydrochloric acid
•
C12H22O11 – disaccharide (sucrose)
B. Ionic Bonds – elements lose or gain
electrons, become ions
C. Covalent Bonds – shared electrons
III. Water – most common solvent
A. Solubility – how well something
dissolves, like dissolves like
B. Solvent dissolves solute
C. Cohesion-tension – water attracted
to water
• Capillary action – surface
tension, attraction tension H2O
to H2O
D. Specific heat – water has a high
specific heat, it takes a lot of energy
to change water’s temp.
IV. pH – relative concentration of H+
and OH-
A. Acids – pH 1-6, more H+ ions, hydrogen
ions, sour taste, urine 5.5, sweat 5.5,
pop 3.5, gastric juice 2.0
B. Bases – “alkaline” pH 8-14, more OHions, hydroxide ions, bitter taste, bile
8, ammonia 11.5, bleach 12.5,
pancreatic juice 8
C. Neutral – pH 7, H+ = OH-,
water, blood, saliva
D. Buffers – baking soda NaOH,
neutralize excess acid to create pH 7
I. Molecules of living things
A. Organic chemistry – contain
carbon
B. Chemical groups pg 38
• Hydroxyl – OH
• Carboxyl – COOH,
in lipids & proteins
• Amino – NH3, NH2,
in proteins
• Phosphates – PO4,
In nucleic acids, DNA, RNA
II. Macromolecules
A. Polymer – repeating monomers “chains”
B. Biological polymers
1. Condensation reactions
Dehydration synthesis,
anabolic = smaller  larger
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6  C12H22O11 + H2O
2. Hydrolysis –
catabolic = larger  smaller, digestion
breaking down
C12H22O11 + H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
III. Carbohydrates – sugars and starches
used for energy, 4 calories / gram,
contain C, H, O,
2H: 1 oxygen
A. Monosaccharides – single sugars
(C6H12O6)
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Glucose
•
Fructose – fruit sugar
•
Galactose
Isomers – same formula different arrangement
B. Disaccharides – double sugar
(C12H22O11)
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Sucrose – “table” fructose + glucose
Lactose – “milk” glucose + galactose
Maltose – “malt” glucose + glucose
C.Polysaccharides – “many sugars”
1. Starch – breads, potatoes, grains
2. Glycogen – stored glucose in muscles and
liver
3. Cellulose – cell walls “wood”
IV. Proteins – C H O N & sometimes S,
used for growth maintenance and
repair (4 calories / gram)
A. Amino acids – (20) base unit of proteins,
examples: lysine, argenine, tyrosine
B. Peptide bonds
• Polypeptides – 3 or more amino acids
form proteins: albumin, keratin,
collagen, enzymes, skin, hair,
muscles, organs
C. Prosthetic groups – another element will
replace H, hemoglobin, H-C-C-C-C-Fe
V. Lipids – C H O (9 calories / gram) fats
,waxes, oils used for energy storage,
insulation, padding
A. Fatty acids – base unit of lipids (linoleic
acid)
Unsaturated – liquid – plants, double bonds,
HDL’s
Saturated – solid – animals, single bonds, LDL’s
B. Triglycerides & neutral lipids – 3 fatty
acids & glycerol, “adipose” fat
C. Phospholipids – cell membranes
D. Sterols – fats in a ring, cholesterol,
testosterone
E. Waxes – fatty acids & alcohol, resistant
to water
VI. Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, and P
A. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic
code of life
B. RNA – ribonucleic acid, codes for
proteins
C. Nucleotides & ribose & phosphates
• Guanine
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Cytosine
• Uracil
I. Energy
A. Potential – stored
Chemical – stored in chemical
bonds
B. Kinetic – energy of motion, break
bonds
II. Energy in chemical reactions
A. Reactants and products
(left of equation and right of
Equation will equal each otherbalanced equations
Conservation of matter and
energy
B. Chemical balance of energy
1. ATP – adenosine triphosphate, AP~P~P contains high energy
bonds
2. ADP – adenosine diphosphate, AP~P
3. ATP/ADP cycle –