Transcript Lecture 6
Outline: Pick 1/22/07 up CAPA 4-5-6 – outside Chem Seminar reports – to me Organic Chem survey Today: Finish Chapter 13 - biomolecules Thermodynamics Quiz #2: Organic nomenclature Worksheet #2 Organic Nomenclature Worksheet #2: What is the structural formula and molar mass of 2-butanol? H O CH3CHCH2CH3 = 74 g/mol Primary amine? Tertiary alcohol? R – NH2 C C – C – OH C Worksheet #2 (cont’d): Ketone? Ester? O R–C–R O R – C – OR aldehyde Benzaldehyde? – CHO Worksheet #2 (cont’d): addition of ethanol and pentanoic acid C2H5 – OH C4H9COOH O C2H5 – OC – C4H9 Practice! Some Biopolymers: – carbohydrates – DNA/RNA – proteins Carbohydrates Cx (H2O)y (e.g. C6H12O6) Monosaccharides 20 natural kinds, mostly in 2 types Pentoses (5 carbons – ribose) Hexoses (6 carbons – glucose, fructose) All have an ether O in the ring Ether is the starting point for numbering (hexoses with a subtle isomerism) CH2OH Polymer = Cellulose p. 116 CH2OH Polymer = Starch (more hexoses with subtle isomerisms) HO CH2OH H HO CH2OH H Galactose Galactose Sweeteners: disaccharides Sucrose A disaccharide, Sucralose Aspartame ®) a-glucose (splenda ® (nutrasweet ) connected to bHexose with 3 Dipeptide, fructose. breaks down hydroxyls replaced with chlorine. under high Stable enough for heat. baking. a starch (Polysaccharide) e.g. cellulose & glycogen Structure of monomers determines shape of polymer! Polysaccharides Monomers are joined by condensation reaction to make an ether linkage Storage of carbohydrates (starches, glycogen) Structural materials (cellulose, chitin) Cellulose and chitin are made from bglucose – they form sheets interconnected by either H-bonds or amide bonds. Starch is made from a-glucose and forms long strands that clump together. Nucleic Acids pentose sugar organic base phosphate link nucleotides/ polynucleotides (DNA/RNA) in a macromolecule p. 117 Primary Structure: Bases p. 117 Find the pieces…. Phosphate Pentose sugar bases Nucleic acid structures Addition of sugar and phosphate result in the monomer units for polymeric DNA and RNA. + The order of nucleic acids is called the primary structure or the sequence. (ACGT in this example) Secondary Structure: Helix Tertiary Structure: Shape Proteins Amino acids R = side chain peptides/polypeptides (polyamides made from condensation reactions of amino acids) (eleven) (nine) Summary… What do you need to know? Organic nomenclature A couple organic reactions Some polymer definitions Start reading chapter 14! Thermodynamics & Chemical Energetics: Bonding Last semester: What happens in a chemical reaction... How much happens in a reaction... Stoichiometry This semester: Thermodynamics Why a chemical reaction happens... How fast does a reaction happen... Kinetics Why are we so interested in heat? Chemical reactions that produce heat Chemical reactions that absorb heat “Exothermic” “Endothermic” Heat is related to whether the reaction will happen!