Transcript 1 Edward III

Part Two
British History
By Zhang yonglan
Chapter III The decline of Feudalism in England
Teaching aims:
Students shall grasp the causes for the decline of
feudalism .
Main and difficult points:
The causes and nature of Hundred year’s
war .
I. Hundred year’s war(1337-1453)
(Renaissance,Italy about 1350,The Ming dynasty (1368-1644)
(Edward II(1284-1327) lacked the royal dignity of his father
and failed miserably as king.
1 Edward III (1327-1377 AD)
Offspring: Edward, the Black Prince; John of Gaunt, Duke
of Lancaster; Edmund of Langley, Duke of York.
2. The fifty-year reign of Edward III :
(1) middle class in Parliament.
(2)Chivalric (武士)code : an apex(顶峰) chivalry , the
glory of war.
(3) Edward's claim to the throne of France
(through his mother, Isabella).
(4)English invasion of France in 1355.
(5) mercantilism(重商主义 ) ,merchants , middle class
subjects appeared.
(6) English replaced French as the national language (1362).
(7) John Wycliff : an ecclesiastical (教会的) reform
movement that challenged church exploitation
(8) During 1348-1350, bubonic plague (the Black Death)
ravaged the populations of Europe by as much as a fifty
per cent. the ensuing rise in prices and wages.
(9) Edward, the Black Prince, died in 1376
the King had ordered the Prince to wear, on that day, a
black cuirass(胸甲), richly ornamented ,eulogised his
valour and pronounced him worthy of empire.
II. Wat Tyler’s Rising
Black Death,1348
John Wycliffe (1320-1384)威克里夫，约翰：(1328?-1384)
英国神学家和宗教改革者，他反对圣经作为教皇权力的
基础，抨击圣体论，由此激起新教改革运动
by 1370 ,teaching the freedom of religious conscience
Lollards
Rising:1381
III. The Second Half of the Hundred Years’ War
1.Richard II(1377-1399) :
son of Edward the Black Prince
“Merciless Parliament “ of 1388
1389 moderate king
2. Henry
IV(1399-1413)
Henry IV : born in 1367 to John of Gaunt
and Blanche of Lancaster.
usurping the throne from the king.
Henry V (1413-1422)
Henry VI (1422-1461)
1415,French,Joan of Arc
Chapter IV
Growth of Capitalism and the Rule of the Tudors
Henry VIII and
The British Navy
Chapter IV Growth of Capitalism and the
Rule of the Tudors
Teaching aims:
Students shall master the historical background for
the growth of capitalism and Renaissance.
Main and difficult teaching points:
1. the causes for the growth of capitalism.
2.the features of Renaissance.
I．The European Renaissance
(1400 to Early 1500s)
rebirth. This period saw a rebirth in knowledge. The
Renaissance was turning from God to man. Italy, a desire to
explore more deeply the "humane" features of human life,
interest in themselves . from the fourteenth through the
sixteenth centuries.
Renaissance was an age in which artistic, social,
scientific, and political thought turned in new directions.
Background:
Greek culture
a wild and crazy affair--as witnessed in the sagas of Homer:
the Iliad and the Odyssey.
by 700 BC, an Olympic realm - the gods themselves lived
under a divine order--with Zeus as the presiding figure
over this order.
1. Greek philosophers
(1)An overview of the Greek Cosmic vision
from Chaos to Order
(2 )Socrates (mid-late 400s BC): human reason-- --was
capable of discovering the basic features of this divine
order. a divine spirit of "justice" that flowed through all
life, giving it purpose and structure.
(3) Aristotle (mid 300s BC): categories and rules for
orderly thinking in logic, ethics, science, politics. the world
as a material entity.
(4)Plato (early-mid 300s BC) :ideas of form
5.Pythagoras(毕达哥拉斯,古希腊哲学家和数学家:
Pythagoras : (1) the soul was immortal and went through a
series of reincarnations(转世灵魂在另一身体内的再生);
(2)the founder of a strict way of life that emphasized
dietary restrictions, religious ritual and rigorous self
discipline.
2. Technological Development
(1)The clock, compass ,printing press. In around 1450
Johannes Gutenberg introduced the new printing .
(2)1492, Columbus. Spanish explorers to conquer most of
Mexico and Latin America.
(3)1520 Magellan, in 1522-- the first complete
circumnavigation of the world.
(4)Astronomy (Early 1600s) :The "Copernican
Revolution"
the universe as infinite and identical with God.
Galileo Galilei, the sun--not the earth--was the center of
things.
3.The Artistic Expression
(1)Leonardo da Vinci. interest in the individual
(2)Painting:the human figure as realistically as possible,
often with backgrounds of the natural world.
In works from the Middle Ages, saints and Biblical figures are
arranged in unnatural, geometric groups, and backgrounds :
washes of gold.
(3)Music
proportions, opera. Secular music is non-religious music
singers sang without instruments. Vocal music, love
songs. The musical mass: the Catholic Church's religious
service.
(4)Architecture
Gothic spires and decorations: imitating movement towards
heaven were replaced by elegant symmetry demonstrating the
intellect of man.
Aerial view of the
Cathedral
4.Renaissance Women and Men
a Renaissance Woman : marry well, be loyal to her
husband and give birth to boys.
A Renaissance Man : well-educated, have cultural grace,
be a gentleman and understand the arts and sciences,have
refinement, be of noble birth and have courage.
2.Religion
(1)Luther, Martin
assailing the corruption of the church
the influence of Martin Luther:
(2) John Calvin (1509 to 1564):
people being accountable(负责) to no earthly ruler but to
God alone.
thrift, industry, sobriety, and responsibility .
The influence of Calvinism spread throughout the entire
Western world.
3.The Protestant Reformation
one operating directly under the sovereignty of God
a theory of "divine rights" of burghers--in counter to
the "divine rights" theory of the monarchy.
4 Catholic counter-Reformation
Luther's teaching on divine grace and justification alone
by faith was condemned.
The Roman church, championed by the most powerful ruling
family in Europe (the Spanish Habsburgs)
5.Elizabeth(1558-1603 AD)
(1).entertained many marriage proposals and flirted
incessantly, she never married or had children.
(2). calm and calculating (even though she had a
horrendous temper) in her political acumen (Quickness,
accuracy, and keenness of judgment or insight.),
employing capable and distinguished men to carrying out
royal prerogative.
(3).Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587.
(4). England emerged as the world's strongest naval power
(Elizabeth was a master of political science.
Literature bloomed through the works of Spenser.
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Edward III
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John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster + Catherine Swynford
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John Beaufort
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John 3rd Earl of Somerset
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Margaret Beaufort
|
Henry VII (House of Tudor) + Elizabeth
1485-1509
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Katherine + Henry VIII + Anne Boleyn + Jane Seymour
1509-1547
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|
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Mary I
Elizabeth I
Edward VI
1553-1558
1558-1603
1547-1553
Henry VIII led the Anglican church to break from
Rome in order to (1) get a divorce from his first
wife Katherine and (2) to regain the lands which
had been willed to the Catholic church.
His son
by his third wife, Jane Seymour, ruled as Edward
VI. When Edward died, Mary I, his first daughter
by Katherine, became Queen. Katherine was Catholic,
and consequently so was Mary. Mary tried to
restore Catholicism, and became known as "Bloody
Marry."
(She was fought in part because restoring
Catholicism would mean that those lands which
Henry VIII took from the church and gave to
various noblemen would have to be given back
to the Church.) When she died, childless,
her sister Elizabeth (daughter of Henry VIII by
Anne Boleyn) became Queen.
•
She, like her mother, was Protestant. Meanwhile, Mary Queen of
Scots was trying to capture the English throne. She was descended
through her mother, Margaret, from Henry VII. Mary Queen of Scots
was forced by her subjects to abdicate the throne in Scotland
because she was implicated in the murder of her husband.
Elizabeth, believing that by killing Mary she
would only be teaching others to kill her, had
her imprisoned. But after repeated plots from
prison, Elizabeth finally had her beheaded.
Elizabeth never had any children, but she
stipulated that Mary Queen of Scotts's son,
James VI of Scotland, should succeed her to the
throne. He did, becoming James I of England.
Henry VII
|
Margaret + James IV of
Scotland
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James V of Scotland
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Mary Queen of Scots
|
James VI of Scotland and
James I of England (House of Stuart)
1603-1625
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Charles I (1625-1649)
Charles I was beheaded in 1649 after the English
Civil War. The commonwealth/protectorate then
ruled until 1660, when Charles II was restored to
the throne. Oliver Cromwell was Lord Protector
from 1653-1658, and his son Richard Cromwell,
"Tumble-down Dick," was Lord Protector from 1658
until he resigned in 1660.
Charles I
|
|
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Charles II
James II
daughter
1662-1685
16851688
|
|
|
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Anne
Mary II + William
III
1702-1714
1688-1702
Charles II died without a legitimate heir, and so his
Catholic brother, James II, assumed the throne. The
English did not like that he was Catholic, so Parliament
deposed him in favor of William of Orange (a grandson by a
daughter of Charles I) and Mary (the Protestant daughter
of James II) in the so called "Glorious Revolution" or
"Bloodless Revolution." They ruled jointly as Mary II and
William III. When they died without an heir, Anne, another
Protestant daughter of James II, became Queen. When she
died, the great grandson of James I (through his mother)
became King George I. At this time, James II's son, who
was in exile in Scotland, made a failed bid for the throne.
He was called "The Old Pretender," and this is referred to
as the First Jacobite Rebellion. Later, in 1745, his son,
"Bonnie Prince Charles" made another failed bid for the
throne, and this is called the Second Jacobite Rebellion.
George
George
I
(House
1714-1727
|
II
|
some
of
Hanover)
(1727-1760)
child
|
George
|
George IV
1820-1830
and
III
(1760-1820)
|
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William IV
some son
1830-1837
|
Victoria (1837-1901)
|
Edward VII (1901-1910)
(House of Saxe-Coburg
Gotha)